Understanding ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development.
Types of ADHD
The condition is typically divided into three main types:
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (ADHD-PI)
- Difficulty sustaining attention
- Easily distracted
- Struggles with organization and time management
- Forgetfulness in daily activities
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation (ADHD-PH)
- Excessive talking or fidgeting
- Inability to stay seated or still
- Acting without thinking
- Impatience and interrupting others
Combined Presentation (ADHD-C)
- Symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
Causes & Risk Factors
While the exact cause is unknown, research suggests that ADHD is influenced by a combination of:
- Genetics — It often runs in families.
- Brain Structure & Function — Differences in dopamine regulation and brain activity.
- Environmental Factors — Exposure to toxins, premature birth, or low birth weight.
Symptoms Across Age Groups
- Children: Struggles in school, difficulty following instructions, restlessness.
- Teenagers: Poor time management, impulsivity in decision-making, emotional outbursts.
- Adults: Chronic disorganization, difficulty with deadlines, relationship struggles.
Diagnosis & Treatment
ADHD is diagnosed based on behavioral symptoms outlined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). It usually requires input from teachers, parents, and professionals.
Treatment options include:
- Medication Therapy — “SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE AND DIAGNOSIS”
- Therapy — Behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and coaching.
- Lifestyle Changes — Exercise, diet, mindfulness, and structured routines.
Shervan K Shahhian
LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 