Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

Let’s take a extensive look into Evidence-based neurophenomenological approach to understanding Out-of-Body Experiences:

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​The evidence-based neurophenomenological approach to understanding Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs) combines scientific investigation with phenomenological exploration to gain a comprehensive understanding of this intriguing phenomenon. This approach integrates empirical data from neuroscience, psychology, and subjective reports to shed light on the underlying mechanisms and subjective experiences associated with OBEs. Here’s an extensive look at this approach:

1. Defining Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs):

OBEs are experiences in which an individual feels detached from their physical body and perceives themselves from a location outside their body.

These experiences often involve vivid sensations of floating, flying, or viewing one’s own body from an external perspective.

2. The Neurophenomenological Approach:

The term “neurophenomenology” was coined by neuroscientist Francisco Varela and philosopher Evan Thompson to describe the integration of first-person subjective reports (phenomenology) with objective measurements of brain activity (neuroscience).

In the context of OBEs, this approach combines neuroscientific research with the detailed investigation of individuals’ subjective experiences during OBEs.

3. Empirical Evidence from Neuroscience:

Advances in neuroimaging techniques (e.g., functional MRI, EEG) have enabled researchers to study brain activity during OBEs.

Studies have identified brain regions associated with self-location, body ownership, and multisensory integration, shedding light on the neural basis of OBEs.

Research has shown that disruptions in the integration of sensory and proprioceptive information can lead to OBE-like experiences.

4. Phenomenological Exploration:

Phenomenological investigation involves gathering detailed reports from individuals who have experienced OBEs to understand the subjective aspects of these experiences.

Researchers explore the sensory, emotional, and cognitive elements of OBEs, aiming to identify common themes and variations among individuals.

5. Common Elements of OBEs:

Many OBEs share common features, such as a feeling of weightlessness, a sense of separation from the physical body, and enhanced perceptual experiences.

Individuals often report encountering a duplicate or “astral” body during the experience.

6. Integration of Findings:

The neurophenomenological approach seeks to integrate the findings from neuroscience and phenomenology to create a more comprehensive understanding of OBEs.

Researchers aim to relate the subjective experiences reported during OBEs to specific patterns of brain activity and altered states of consciousness.

7. Potential Explanations:

Several theories attempt to explain OBEs, including altered states of consciousness, sensory disintegration, and psychological factors.

Some researchers propose that OBEs may result from disruptions in the brain’s default mode network (DMN), which is responsible for self-referential thoughts and body awareness.

8. Ethical Considerations:

Studying OBEs raises ethical questions, particularly when inducing OBE-like states in research participants. Ensuring the well-being and informed consent of participants is crucial.

9. Future Directions:

Continued research into the neurophenomenology of OBEs may lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon’s underlying mechanisms and its potential therapeutic applications.

In summary, the evidence-based neurophenomenological approach to understanding Out-of-Body Experiences involves a multidisciplinary effort to bridge the gap between objective scientific investigation and subjective firsthand experiences. It seeks to unravel the mysteries of OBEs by integrating data from neuroscience with phenomenological insights, ultimately contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.

​Shervan K Shahhian

The Sleep Consciousness, what is it:

The term “sleep consciousness” is not a widely recognized or established concept in the mainstream field of sleep science or psychology.

In general terms, “consciousness” refers to the state of being aware of and able to think and perceive one’s surroundings and experiences. Sleep, on the other hand, is typically characterized by a loss of consciousness or a reduced level of awareness. During different stages of sleep, such as rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, there are variations in consciousness and brain activity, but these states are distinct from wakefulness.

If “sleep consciousness” is being used in a specific context or by a particular author, it may refer to a unique theory or idea related to the experience of consciousness during sleep.

Shervan K Shahhian

The Vibrational State, what is it:

The term “vibrational state” can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few possible interpretations:

1. Physics and Quantum Mechanics: In the realm of physics and quantum mechanics, the vibrational state often refers to the quantum state of a system, such as a molecule or an atom, in which its constituent particles (atoms or subatomic particles) are in specific vibrational energy levels. These vibrational energy levels are quantized, meaning they can only have certain discrete values, and they correspond to the vibrational motion of the particles within the system.
2. Meditation and Astral Projection: In some spiritual and metaphysical contexts, the vibrational state is associated with altered states of consciousness or experiences during meditation and astral projection. People describe feeling intense vibrations or oscillations in their body during deep meditation or when attempting to leave their physical body through astral projection. These vibrations are often seen as a precursor to an out-of-body experience or a shift in consciousness.
3. Energy Healing and Holistic Health: In holistic health practices like Reiki and energy healing, the vibrational state may refer to the idea that everything in the universe, including our bodies, has its own unique vibrational frequency. Proponents of these practices believe that by harmonizing or balancing these vibrational frequencies, one can achieve improved physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
4. Sound Healing: The vibrational state can also be related to the use of sound frequencies to promote healing and relaxation. Instruments like singing bowls, tuning forks, or sound baths are used to create specific vibrations and frequencies that are believed to have therapeutic effects on the body and mind.
5. Consciousness and Mindfulness: In a more general sense, the vibrational state can refer to one’s mental or emotional state. It may imply a state of heightened awareness, mindfulness, or a sense of being in tune with one’s inner self and surroundings.

The interpretation of the vibrational state can vary widely depending on the context and the beliefs of the individual or group discussing it. It may have different connotations in scientific, spiritual, or holistic practices, so it’s essential to consider the specific context in which the term is used to understand its meaning fully.

Shervan K Shahhian

Phenomenology, what is it:

Phenomenology is a philosophical approach and method that focuses on the study of human consciousness and subjective experiences. It was developed in the early 20th century, primarily by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, and has since become a prominent and influential branch of philosophy. Phenomenology seeks to understand and describe the structure of conscious experience as it is directly given to us, without making assumptions about the existence of an external world or objective reality.

Key characteristics and concepts of phenomenology include:

Bracketing (Epoche): Phenomenologists practice a form of “bracketing,” where they temporarily suspend or set aside any preconceived beliefs, assumptions, or judgments about the phenomenon they are investigating. This allows them to approach the phenomenon with a fresh and open perspective.

Intentionality: Phenomenology emphasizes the concept of intentionality, which means that consciousness is always directed toward something. Every experience is an experience of something, and this intentional structure is at the heart of phenomenological analysis.

Description: Phenomenology is primarily concerned with careful and detailed description of conscious experiences. Phenomenologists seek to uncover the essential and invariant features of these experiences.

Phenomenological Reduction: This is the process by which phenomenologists attempt to strip away the layers of interpretation and presupposition to access the pure, raw data of experience. It involves suspending judgment and looking at phenomena as they present themselves.

Phenomenological Epoché: Similar to reduction, epoché involves setting aside assumptions about the external world and focusing solely on the phenomena as they appear in consciousness.

Eidetic Reduction: This involves identifying and exploring the essential or “eidetic” characteristics of a phenomenon, which are those features that are necessary for the phenomenon to be what it is.

Phenomenology has been influential not only in philosophy but also in psychology, sociology, and other fields. It has given rise to various schools and approaches, including existentialism, hermeneutic phenomenology, and transcendental phenomenology. Existentialist thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty drew on phenomenological ideas to explore human existence and the meaning of life. Hermeneutic phenomenology, as developed by philosophers like Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer, focused on the interpretation of human experience and the role of language and culture in shaping it. Transcendental phenomenology, as articulated by Husserl and later elaborated upon by others like Emmanuel Levinas, delves into the foundational structures of consciousness.

In summary, phenomenology is a philosophical approach that aims to understand and describe the nature of human consciousness and subjective experience by examining phenomena as they appear in our conscious awareness, without presupposing an objective reality beyond these experiences. It is characterized by its rigorous descriptive methods and emphasis on intentionality and the suspension of preconceived beliefs.

Shervan K Shahhian

Neuromodulation medicine, what is it:

Neuromodulation medicine refers to a branch of medical treatment that involves the use of various techniques and technologies to modulate or modify the activity of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex network of cells, including neurons, that transmit signals throughout the body and play a critical role in controlling various bodily functions.

Neuromodulation therapies are typically used to treat conditions in which the nervous system is either overactive or underactive, leading to various health problems. These therapies can help restore or regulate the normal functioning of the nervous system to alleviate symptoms or improve a patient’s quality of life. Some common neuromodulation techniques and devices include:

1. Electrical Stimulation: This involves the use of electrical currents to stimulate or inhibit specific neural pathways. It can include techniques like spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation. These approaches are used to treat conditions like chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and depression.
2. Pharmacological Neuromodulation: This involves the use of medications to alter the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain and nervous system. Examples include antidepressant medications, antiepileptic drugs, and medications used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
3. Neurofeedback: This technique involves providing real-time feedback to patients about their brain activity, allowing them to learn how to self-regulate and modulate their neural activity. It’s often used for conditions like ADHD and certain mood disorders.
4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS uses magnetic fields to stimulate or inhibit specific areas of the brain. It’s used as a non-invasive treatment for depression and other neurological and psychiatric conditions.
5. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: This technique involves the stimulation of peripheral nerves to alleviate pain and treat conditions like neuropathy.
6. Biofeedback: Biofeedback involves providing patients with real-time information about physiological processes such as heart rate, muscle tension, or skin temperature. Patients can learn to control these processes to manage conditions like chronic pain and anxiety.

Neuromodulation therapies are typically considered when more conservative treatments have failed, and they can be highly effective in managing a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. However, they often require careful assessment and ongoing monitoring by medical professionals to ensure safety and effectiveness. The choice of neuromodulation technique depends on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient’s needs and circumstances.

Shervan K Shahhian

Neuropsychology, what is it:

Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the relationship between brain function and behavior. It seeks to understand how the brain’s structure and function influence a person’s cognitive abilities, emotions, and behaviors. Neuropsychologists study how damage or dysfunction in specific areas of the brain can lead to changes in a person’s thinking, emotions, and behavior.

Key aspects of neuropsychology include:

1. Assessment: Neuropsychologists use a variety of tests and assessments to evaluate a person’s cognitive abilities, including memory, attention, language, and problem-solving skills. These assessments help identify any cognitive impairments or deficits.
2. Brain-behavior relationships: Neuropsychologists investigate how specific brain regions are associated with particular cognitive functions or behaviors. They use techniques such as brain imaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans) and electrophysiological measures (e.g., EEG) to examine brain activity and structure.
3. Rehabilitation: Neuropsychologists often work with individuals who have suffered brain injuries or neurological disorders, such as strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or neurodegenerative diseases. They develop and implement rehabilitation strategies to help patients regain lost functions or adapt to their cognitive deficits.
4. Clinical practice: Neuropsychologists may provide clinical services to individuals with various neurological conditions, helping them understand and manage their cognitive and emotional challenges. This can involve therapy, counseling, and other interventions tailored to the individual’s needs.
5. Research: Many neuropsychologists engage in research to advance our understanding of brain-behavior relationships. Their work may contribute to the development of treatments and interventions for neurological conditions and cognitive disorders.

Neuropsychology is a multidisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from psychology, neuroscience, and medicine. It plays a crucial role in diagnosing and treating individuals with brain-related disorders and injuries, as well as in improving our understanding of the brain’s role in human behavior and cognition.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding the modern neuroscientific hypothesis

Understanding the modern neuroscientific hypothesis: Modern neuroscience is a highly dynamic and evolving field. I can provide an overview of some key hypotheses and trends in modern neuroscience. Please keep in mind that new discoveries and hypotheses may have emerged since then.

Connectome: One central hypothesis is that the brain’s function can be understood through the concept of the connectome. The connectome is a comprehensive map of the neural connections in the brain, akin to how a road map shows the connections between different locations. Researchers believe that understanding the connectome will provide insights into various brain functions, including memory, perception, and decision-making.

Neuroplasticity: Modern neuroscience recognizes the brain’s remarkable ability to adapt and change throughout life, known as neuroplasticity. This concept challenges the older view that the brain’s structure and function are relatively fixed after a certain age. Neuroplasticity has important implications for learning, recovery from brain injuries, and understanding developmental disorders.

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Neuroscientists study the role of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) and neuromodulators in brain function. These substances play a crucial role in transmitting signals between neurons and regulating various brain processes. Understanding the balance and function of these chemicals is essential for unraveling the mysteries of brain function and mental health.

Cognitive Neuroscience: This interdisciplinary field seeks to understand how cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, perception, and decision-making, are implemented in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience combines knowledge from psychology, neuroscience, and other disciplines to examine the neural mechanisms underlying these cognitive processes.

Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Research in modern neuroscience aims to uncover the neural underpinnings of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and depression. Identifying the neural basis of these conditions can lead to more effective treatments and therapies.

Emerging Technologies: Advances in imaging techniques, like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and optogenetics, have revolutionized our ability to study the brain. These technologies allow researchers to observe brain activity and connectivity in ways that were previously impossible.

Computational Neuroscience: This field uses computer modeling and simulations to understand brain function. Researchers create mathematical models that mimic neural processes to gain insights into how the brain processes information and generates behavior.

Consciousness: The nature of consciousness remains a fundamental question in neuroscience. Researchers are exploring various theories and conducting experiments to gain a deeper understanding of how and why we have subjective experiences.

Ethical and Philosophical Considerations: As neuroscience advances, ethical and philosophical questions regarding the brain and mind become increasingly important. These include questions about free will, personal identity, and the implications of neuroscientific discoveries for society.

It’s important to note that neuroscience is a rapidly evolving field, and new hypotheses and discoveries continue to emerge. To stay current with the latest developments in modern neuroscience, it’s advisable to consult recent scientific literature and news from reputable sources.

Shervan K Shahhian

The Vibrational State, what is it:

The term “vibrational state” can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few possible interpretations:

Physics and Chemistry: In the context of physics and chemistry, the vibrational state typically refers to the quantum mechanical state of a molecule or an atom’s vibrational motion. Molecules consist of atoms that are connected by chemical bonds, and these atoms can vibrate relative to each other. The vibrational states of molecules are quantized, meaning they can only exist at certain energy levels, and they play a crucial role in processes like infrared spectroscopy, where the absorption of infrared light is used to study molecular vibrations.

Meditation and Consciousness: In some spiritual and meditation practices, the vibrational state refers to a subjective experience of altered consciousness. Some individuals report feeling a sensation of vibration or oscillation throughout their body during deep meditation or out-of-body experiences. This state is often described as a heightened or altered state of awareness, where one may feel detached from their physical body.

Astral Projection and Out-of-Body Experiences: Some people use the term “vibrational state” to describe a specific phase or sensation that occurs during attempts to induce astral projection or out-of-body experiences. It is said to involve a distinct sensation of energy or vibrations coursing through the body, often accompanied by a feeling of paralysis. This state is sometimes considered a precursor to separating one’s consciousness from the physical body.

Spirituality and New Age Beliefs: In some New Age and spiritual belief systems, the vibrational state is associated with one’s overall energetic or vibrational frequency. It is believed that a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions can influence their vibrational state, and higher vibrational states are associated with greater spiritual awareness, positivity, and well-being.

The interpretation of the vibrational state can vary widely depending on the specific context in which it is used. It’s essential to understand the context and framework in which the term is being employed to fully grasp its meaning and implications.

Shervan K Shahhian

Exploring the concept of self-tuning to higher consciousness from a neuroscience-based perspective is a fascinating endeavor. Higher consciousness, often associated with heightened awareness, self-realization, and a sense of interconnectedness, has been a topic of interest in various spiritual and philosophical traditions. While neuroscience has not fully elucidated the mechanisms behind higher consciousness, there are several areas of research and theories that can shed light on this intriguing concept. Neuroplasticity: One of the key concepts in neuroscience is neuroplasticity, which refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself in response to experience and learning. It is plausible that practices aimed at elevating consciousness, such as meditation or mindfulness, can induce neuroplastic changes in the brain. Studies have shown structural and functional changes in brain regions associated with awareness and introspection following meditation and mindfulness training. Default Mode Network (DMN): The DMN is a network of brain regions that is active when the mind is at rest and not focused on the external environment. It is believed to play a role in self-referential thinking and introspection. Some research suggests that alterations in the DMN’s activity are associated with shifts in consciousness, such as during deep meditation or psychedelic experiences. Neurochemistry: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as serotonin, dopamine, and even endogenous psychedelics like DMT (Dimethyltryptamine), are thought to influence states of consciousness. Altered levels of these substances may contribute to shifts in consciousness, and studying their effects on the brain can provide insights into the neurobiology of higher consciousness. Connectomics: Advancements in neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, have allowed researchers to map the intricate connectivity patterns of the brain. Understanding how different brain regions communicate and synchronize during altered states of consciousness may provide insights into the neural basis of higher consciousness. Consciousness Theories: Various theories of consciousness, such as the integrated information theory (IIT) and the global workspace theory, offer frameworks to investigate how the brain processes information and generates conscious experiences. These theories can be applied to study the mechanisms underlying higher consciousness. Mind-Body Practices: Practices like yoga, tai chi, and qigong have been associated with altered states of consciousness. Investigating their effects on the brain can provide valuable insights into the neural correlates of higher consciousness. It’s important to note that the concept of “higher consciousness” is multifaceted and subjective, and not all aspects of it may be directly measurable or explainable through neuroscience alone. Additionally, individual experiences and cultural factors can significantly influence one’s perception of higher consciousness. Therefore, while neuroscience can offer valuable insights into the neural processes associated with altered states of consciousness, it may not fully capture the rich and diverse range of experiences and interpretations of higher consciousness.

​Shervan K Shahhian

A look into: The scholarly Journal of Near-Death Studies:

The Journal of Near-Death Studies is a scholarly publication that focuses on research related to near-death experiences (NDEs). It is dedicated to exploring various aspects of NDEs, including the phenomenology, aftereffects, psychological and physiological aspects, cultural and religious interpretations, and more. The journal provides a platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to share their studies and findings in this field.

Some key points about the Journal of Near-Death Studies include:

1. Interdisciplinary Focus: The journal encourages contributions from various disciplines, including psychology, medicine, neuroscience, philosophy, theology, and sociology. This interdisciplinary approach helps to provide a comprehensive understanding of NDEs.
2. Peer-Reviewed: Like many scholarly journals, the Journal of Near-Death Studies employs a peer-review process. This means that submitted articles are reviewed by experts in the field to ensure the quality and credibility of the research.
3. Diverse Perspectives: The journal publishes articles that present a wide range of perspectives on near-death experiences, including scientific, spiritual, and philosophical viewpoints.
4. Empirical Research: While the journal explores spiritual and metaphysical aspects of NDEs, it also emphasizes empirical research. This means that it values studies and data that can be measured and analyzed scientifically.
5. Historical and Cultural Context: In addition to contemporary research, the Journal of Near-Death Studies often includes articles that examine the historical and cultural aspects of NDEs. This helps to provide a broader context for understanding these experiences.
6. Professional Organization: The International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS) is closely associated with the Journal of Near-Death Studies. IANDS is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the study of NDEs and related phenomena. It publishes the journal and also organizes conferences and provides resources for researchers and experiencers.

It’s important to note that the specific focus and content of the journal may evolve over time as new research emerges and the field of near-death studies continues to develop. If you are interested in accessing articles from the Journal of Near-Death Studies, you may be able to find them through academic libraries, online databases, or by subscribing to the journal directly through IANDS.

Shervan K Shahhian