Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

Yes, there is a connection between personality disorders and criminality, but it’s important to note that not everyone with a personality disorder will engage in criminal behavior, and not all criminals have a personality disorder. The relationship between the two is complex and multifaceted.

Personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms and cause significant impairment in social and occupational functioning. Some personality disorders have been associated with an increased risk of engaging in criminal behavior. However, it’s crucial to recognize that many individuals with personality disorders do not commit crimes and lead productive lives.

Certain personality disorders are more commonly linked to criminality, such as:

1. Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Individuals with ASPD often engage in behaviors that disregard the rights of others, violate social norms, and involve deceit, impulsivity, aggression, and a lack of remorse. They may have a higher likelihood of engaging in criminal activities, such as theft, assault, and fraud.
2. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): While not as strongly associated with criminality as ASPD, individuals with BPD may engage in impulsive and self-destructive behaviors, which could sometimes lead to criminal acts such as self-harm or substance abuse-related offenses.
3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: People with this disorder may be prone to manipulation and exploitation of others for personal gain, which could potentially lead to white-collar crimes or fraud.

It’s important to consider that various factors contribute to the relationship between personality disorders and criminality, including:

1. Environmental Factors: Childhood trauma, abuse, neglect, and adverse experiences can contribute to the development of both personality disorders and criminal behavior.
2. Genetics and Biology: There is evidence to suggest a genetic component to personality disorders, and some biological factors could contribute to impulsivity and poor impulse control, increasing the risk of criminal behavior.
3. Comorbidity: Many individuals with personality disorders may also have other mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, which can further increase the risk of criminality.
4. Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty, lack of education, and limited access to resources can influence both the development of personality disorders and criminal behavior.

It’s important to approach this topic with sensitivity and avoid stigmatizing individuals with personality disorders. While there may be a connection between certain personality disorders and criminality, it is not a deterministic relationship, and many factors contribute to an individual’s choices and actions. Early intervention, appropriate mental health treatment, and addressing underlying causes can help mitigate the risk of criminal behavior in individuals with personality disorders.

Shervan K Shahhian

What could be the causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder:

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a complex mental health condition characterized by a pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and manipulative behavior. The causes of ASPD are thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Here are some potential causes and contributing factors:

1. Genetic factors: There appears to be a genetic predisposition to developing ASPD. Research suggests that individuals with a family history of antisocial behavior or other mental health disorders may be at a higher risk of developing ASPD themselves.
2. Neurobiological factors: Brain abnormalities and differences in brain structure and function have been associated with ASPD. Reduced activity in areas of the brain responsible for empathy, moral decision-making, and impulse control may contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors.
3. Childhood environment: Early childhood experiences play a crucial role in the development of personality and behavior. A history of neglect, abuse (physical, emotional, or sexual), inconsistent parenting, or exposure to violence during childhood can increase the risk of developing ASPD. Lack of positive role models and inadequate emotional support may contribute to the disorder.
4. Environmental factors: Growing up in an environment where criminal behavior, substance abuse, or violence is normalized or prevalent can increase the likelihood of developing ASPD. Peer influence and socialization within deviant or delinquent groups can also contribute.
5. Cognitive and emotional deficits: Some individuals with ASPD may have deficits in processing emotions and understanding the feelings of others. This can lead to a lack of empathy and a diminished capacity for forming healthy relationships.
6. Temperamental factors: Certain personality traits or temperamental factors, such as impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and risk-taking behavior, may increase the vulnerability to developing ASPD.
7. Gene-environment interactions: It’s likely that the development of ASPD involves complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. A combination of genetic vulnerability and adverse environmental conditions may contribute to the emergence of the disorder.

It’s important to note that not everyone with genetic or environmental risk factors will develop ASPD. The exact cause of ASPD is still not fully understood, and research in this area continues to evolve. Early intervention, supportive environments, and appropriate therapeutic interventions can play a role in reducing the risk or managing symptoms of ASPD. If you or someone you know is struggling with symptoms of ASPD, seeking professional help from a mental health provider is recommended.

Shervan K Shahhian

A look into Conduct Disorders:

Conduct Disorder (CD) is a behavioral and emotional disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and involves a pattern of repetitive and persistent behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and societal norms. It is characterized by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others, as well as a lack of empathy and remorse for one’s actions. Conduct Disorder is considered a serious mental health condition and can have significant impacts on a person’s social, academic, and emotional functioning.

Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) outlines specific criteria for diagnosing Conduct Disorder. To be diagnosed with Conduct Disorder, a person must exhibit a persistent pattern of behaviors that fall into four main categories:

1. Aggression to People and Animals:
   • Bullies, threatens, or intimidates others.
   • Initiates physical fights.
   • Has used a weapon that could cause serious harm.
   • Is physically cruel to people or animals.
   • Has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, extortion).
   • Has forced someone into sexual activity.
2. Destruction of Property:
   • Deliberately engages in fire setting with the intention to cause damage.
   • Deliberately destroys others’ property.
3. Deceitfulness or Theft:
   • Has broken into someone else’s house, building, or car.
   • Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations.
   • Has stolen items without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering).
4. Serious Violations of Rules:
   • Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13.
   • Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in the parental or parental surrogate home (or once without returning for a lengthy period).
   • Is often truant from school, beginning before age 13.

It’s important to note that these behaviors must persist for at least 12 months and must be significantly disruptive to the person’s daily life and functioning. Additionally, the severity of symptoms can vary widely, from mild to severe.

Causes and Risk Factors: The development of Conduct Disorder is thought to be influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Some potential risk factors include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Family history of conduct problems or other mental health disorders can increase the likelihood of developing Conduct Disorder.
2. Neurobiological factors: Brain structure and function abnormalities, such as deficits in impulse control and emotional regulation, may contribute to the development of CD.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to violence, abuse, neglect, inconsistent discipline, and family dysfunction can contribute to the development of Conduct Disorder.
4. Peer influences: Association with delinquent peers and a lack of positive social support can contribute to the adoption of deviant behaviors.

Treatment and Intervention: Treatment for Conduct Disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, family therapy, and, in some cases, medication.

1. Therapy: Various forms of therapy, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), can help individuals develop problem-solving skills, improve impulse control, and enhance empathy and social skills.
2. Family therapy: Involving family members in treatment can help address underlying family dynamics that may contribute to the behavior.
3. Medication: While medication is not a primary treatment for Conduct Disorder, in some cases, medications may be used to manage specific symptoms like aggression, impulsivity, and mood disturbances.

Early intervention is important, as untreated Conduct Disorder can lead to more serious problems in adulthood, such as antisocial personality disorder and criminal behavior.

It’s crucial for individuals with Conduct Disorder to receive appropriate treatment and support from mental health professionals, family members, and educators to help them develop healthier behaviors and coping strategies. If you suspect someone may be struggling with Conduct Disorder, it is recommended to seek professional help for a comprehensive assessment and tailored intervention plan.

Shervan K Shahhian

If Genetics is the cause of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Can they really change:

Genetics is believed to play a significant role in the development of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), but it’s important to note that genetics is just one of many factors that contribute to the disorder. Environmental factors, such as childhood experiences and upbringing, also play a crucial role in the development of ASPD.

While genetics may predispose someone to ASPD, it doesn’t necessarily mean that individuals with this predisposition are destined to have the disorder or that they can’t change. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors is complex, and people’s behaviors and traits are influenced by a combination of both.

It is true that ASPD can be challenging to treat because individuals with this disorder may lack empathy, have difficulty forming meaningful relationships, and exhibit impulsive and reckless behavior. However, with the right interventions and support, some individuals with ASPD can learn to manage their symptoms, develop coping strategies, and make positive changes in their lives.

Therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and other forms of psychotherapy have shown some effectiveness in helping individuals with ASPD improve their behavior and develop healthier ways of interacting with others. It’s important to remember that change may not be easy, and progress can vary from person to person.

While genetics may influence the risk of developing ASPD, it’s not a deterministic factor that guarantees a lack of change. With proper treatment, support, and a strong desire to change, individuals with ASPD can make efforts to improve their behavior and quality of life. However, it’s important to work with qualified mental health professionals who can provide appropriate guidance and treatment tailored to each individual’s needs.

Shervan K Shahhian

What causes Antisocial Personality Disorders:

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition characterized by persistent patterns of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, impulsivity, manipulative behavior, and often involvement in illegal activities. The exact causes of ASPD are not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors.

1. Genetic Factors: There is evidence to suggest that genetics play a role in the development of ASPD. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of antisocial behavior or other personality disorders may be at a higher risk of developing ASPD themselves. Certain genetic factors may contribute to personality traits and tendencies that increase the likelihood of developing the disorder.
2. Neurobiological Factors: Differences in brain structure and function have been observed in individuals with ASPD. Research has indicated that abnormalities in areas of the brain involved in impulse control, emotional regulation, and empathy may contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors. Neurotransmitter imbalances, such as reduced levels of serotonin, have also been associated with impulsive and aggressive behaviors.
3. Environmental Factors: Early life experiences and environmental factors also play a significant role in the development of ASPD. Childhood adversity, neglect, abuse, inconsistent parenting, exposure to violence, and a lack of positive role models can contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors. Traumatic experiences during childhood can impact the development of empathy, conscience, and moral values.
4. Gene-Environment Interaction: It’s important to note that there is often a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Genetic vulnerabilities may interact with adverse environmental conditions to increase the risk of developing ASPD. For example, a genetic predisposition to impulsivity combined with a childhood environment characterized by neglect and abuse could contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors.
5. Psychological Factors: Certain personality traits, such as a lack of empathy, callousness, and sensation-seeking tendencies, may contribute to the development of ASPD. These traits can influence how individuals interact with and respond to their environment, potentially leading to a pattern of behaviors consistent with the disorder.

It’s important to recognize that the development of ASPD is a complex process influenced by a combination of factors. Not everyone with genetic or environmental risk factors will develop the disorder, and the presence of risk factors does not guarantee its development. Early intervention, supportive environments, and therapeutic interventions can play a crucial role in managing and treating ASPD. If you or someone you know is struggling with antisocial behaviors or symptoms, seeking help from a mental health professional is advisable.

Shervan K Shahhian

These are great Evidence Based Practices for Offenders and Substance Abusers:

Certainly, evidence-based practices (EBPs) are crucial when working with offenders and substance abusers to ensure effective and successful interventions. Here are some well-regarded EBPs in this context:

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to criminal behavior or substance abuse. It helps individuals develop coping skills and strategies to manage triggers and high-risk situations.
2. Motivational Interviewing (MI): MI is a client-centered approach that aims to enhance motivation and commitment to change. It helps individuals explore their ambivalence about quitting substance abuse or criminal behavior and encourages self-motivated positive changes.
3. Contingency Management (CM): CM involves providing tangible rewards or incentives to individuals for achieving specific goals such as remaining drug-free or complying with probation requirements. It reinforces positive behaviors and discourages negative ones.
4. Substance Abuse Treatment: Evidence-based substance abuse treatments like Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorders (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone) and behavioral therapies (e.g., Matrix Model, Community Reinforcement Approach) have shown effectiveness in reducing substance abuse and criminal recidivism.
5. Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT): MRT is a cognitive-behavioral program that focuses on developing moral reasoning and decision-making skills. It helps individuals understand the consequences of their actions and make better choices.
6. Anger Management: Anger management programs teach individuals constructive ways to manage and express anger, reducing the likelihood of aggressive behavior and criminal acts.
7. Family Therapy: Involving family members in the treatment process can help address family dynamics and issues that may contribute to substance abuse or criminal behavior. Family therapy improves support systems and communication.
8. Employment and Vocational Programs: Providing offenders and substance abusers with job training, education, and employment opportunities can enhance their self-sufficiency and reduce recidivism.
9. Restorative Justice Programs: These programs focus on repairing harm caused by criminal behavior and facilitating dialogue between offenders, victims, and the community. They promote accountability and responsibility.
10. Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders (Dual Diagnosis): Many individuals with criminal justice involvement and substance abuse issues also have co-occurring mental health disorders. Integrated treatment addresses both substance abuse and mental health needs simultaneously.

It’s important to note that the effectiveness of these practices may vary depending on individual circumstances and needs. Additionally, staying updated with the latest research and adapting interventions to fit specific cases is crucial for achieving positive outcomes. Collaboration between criminal justice professionals, treatment providers, and community resources is essential for implementing successful evidence-based practices.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder and how the criminal justice system deals with them:

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, manipulation, impulsivity, and a tendency to engage in criminal behavior and violate societal norms. Individuals with ASPD may have a history of conduct disorder in childhood, which involves persistent patterns of violating rules and the rights of others.

It’s important to note that not all individuals with ASPD engage in criminal behavior, but the disorder is often associated with an increased risk of involvement in illegal activities, including theft, fraud, violence, and other forms of exploitation. The exact cause of ASPD is not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors is believed to contribute to its development.

When it comes to the criminal justice system, individuals with ASPD may encounter various challenges and considerations:

1. Diagnosis and Assessment: Diagnosing ASPD can be complex, as individuals with the disorder may not willingly seek help and may downplay their symptoms. Mental health professionals typically rely on thorough assessments and interviews to diagnose the disorder.
2. Criminal Behavior: People with ASPD who engage in criminal behavior may come into contact with the criminal justice system. Their lack of remorse, impulsivity, and manipulation can impact their interactions with law enforcement, lawyers, and judges.
3. Legal Responsibility: In the criminal justice system, individuals with ASPD may still be held legally responsible for their actions if they are deemed to understand the nature and consequences of their behavior, even if they have a mental disorder. The presence of a mental disorder like ASPD may, in some cases, lead to reduced charges or different sentencing considerations, such as receiving treatment in a mental health facility instead of prison.
4. Treatment and Rehabilitation: While there is no cure for ASPD, treatment approaches may focus on managing specific symptoms, reducing the risk of criminal behavior, and improving overall functioning. Psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and medication management (when appropriate) are some of the interventions used to address symptoms. However, individuals with ASPD may be resistant to treatment and less likely to engage fully in therapeutic processes.
5. Incarceration: Some individuals with ASPD may end up incarcerated due to criminal behavior. Within the correctional system, they may face challenges related to interactions with other inmates and staff, as well as difficulties complying with rules and regulations. Prison-based therapy and programs may aim to address underlying issues and promote behavioral change, but success rates can vary.
6. Reentry and Recidivism: Upon release from incarceration, individuals with ASPD may face challenges reintegrating into society due to their impulsivity, lack of empathy, and history of criminal behavior. This can increase the risk of recidivism (re-offending) if appropriate support systems and treatment are not in place.

It’s important to emphasize that each case is unique, and not all individuals with ASPD will have the same experiences within the criminal justice system. Proper assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and support systems are crucial to addressing the complex interplay between ASPD and the legal system.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding Moral Reconation Training ​MRT:

Moral Reconation Training (MRT) is a structured and cognitive-behavioral approach to counseling and behavior change that is often used in correctional and rehabilitation settings, particularly with individuals involved in the criminal justice system. It aims to help participants develop higher levels of moral reasoning, improve decision-making skills, and ultimately reduce criminal behavior and recidivism.

Key components of Moral Reconation Training include:

Cognitive Restructuring: MRT focuses on identifying and challenging distorted or irrational thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to criminal behavior. Participants learn to reframe their thinking in more positive and productive ways.

Moral Reasoning Development: The program aims to elevate individuals’ moral reasoning abilities by guiding them through a series of stages or levels of moral development. This progression helps participants develop a stronger sense of empathy, responsibility, and consideration for the consequences of their actions.

Values Clarification: MRT encourages participants to reflect on their personal values and how these values align with their behavior. This process can help individuals establish a clearer sense of their core principles and make decisions that are more in line with those values.

Skill Building: Participants learn practical skills that can help them avoid situations that lead to criminal behavior and make healthier choices. These skills may include communication, problem-solving, conflict resolution, and anger management.

Relapse Prevention: MRT assists participants in identifying high-risk situations that could lead to relapse into criminal behavior. Participants develop strategies to handle these situations more effectively and avoid reverting to old patterns of behavior.

Group Dynamics: MRT is often conducted in a group setting, allowing participants to learn from one another, share experiences, and provide mutual support. Group sessions can also help individuals develop social skills and a sense of community.

Graduated Steps: The training is typically structured in a series of steps or stages, with each step building upon the previous one. As participants progress through the program, they gradually develop a deeper understanding of their behavior and the factors driving it.

It’s important to note that Moral Reconation Training is just one of many approaches used in the field of criminal justice and rehabilitation. While some research suggests positive outcomes in terms of reduced recidivism rates and improved moral reasoning, the effectiveness of MRT can vary depending on individual factors and the specific context in which it is implemented.

MRT is designed to help individuals take responsibility for their actions, develop better decision-making skills, and lead more pro-social lives. It can be a valuable tool in the efforts to rehabilitate and reintegrate individuals back into society after periods of incarceration.

Shervan K Shahhian

Some effective Counseling Approaches for Chemical Abusers and Offenders:

When working with individuals who are both chemical abusers and offenders, it’s important to adopt counseling approaches that address both their substance abuse issues and their criminal behaviors. Integrating strategies from different therapeutic modalities can be effective in promoting rehabilitation and reducing recidivism. Here are some counseling approaches that can be useful:

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT focuses on identifying and challenging distorted thought patterns and behaviors. It can help clients recognize the connections between their substance abuse and criminal behaviors, develop coping skills to manage triggers, and enhance problem-solving abilities.

Motivational Interviewing (MI): MI is a client-centered approach that aims to increase intrinsic motivation for change. It can be effective in addressing ambivalence towards both substance use and criminal behaviors, helping clients explore their motivations, set goals, and develop strategies for change.

Contingency Management (CM): CM involves providing tangible rewards for positive behaviors, such as clean drug tests and compliance with probation requirements. It can reinforce abstinence from substances and adherence to legal obligations.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): DBT combines cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness and acceptance strategies. It can help clients regulate emotions, improve interpersonal skills, and develop healthier ways to cope with stressors.

Trauma-Informed Care: Many individuals with substance abuse and criminal histories have experienced trauma. A trauma-informed approach involves creating a safe and supportive environment, addressing trauma-related issues, and helping clients develop healthy coping mechanisms.

Group Therapy: Group therapy provides a supportive peer environment where clients can share their experiences, learn from others, and practice social and communication skills. It can also help reduce feelings of isolation and provide a sense of belonging.

Family Therapy: Involving family members in therapy can address family dynamics that may contribute to substance abuse and criminal behavior. It can promote healthier communication patterns and provide a network of support.

Harm Reduction: This approach focuses on minimizing the negative consequences of substance use and criminal behaviors while gradually working toward abstinence and behavior change. It can be particularly useful for individuals who are not yet ready to completely stop using substances.

Skill Building: Teaching practical life skills, such as employment readiness, financial management, and problem-solving, can empower clients to make positive changes and reduce their risk of reoffending.

Restorative Justice Practices: These practices involve bringing together offenders, victims, and the community to address the harm caused by criminal behavior. It can promote empathy, accountability, and a sense of responsibility.

It’s important to note that individualized treatment plans are crucial, and counselors should assess each client’s unique needs, strengths, and challenges. Collaborating with other professionals, such as probation officers and substance abuse treatment providers, can enhance the effectiveness of the counseling approach and provide a comprehensive support system for the individual.

Shervan K Shahhian

What we should know about Past Life Regression Therapy:

Past Life Regression Therapy is a form of alternative therapy that aims to explore and address issues or traumas believed to be rooted in past lives or reincarnations. This therapy is based on the idea that current physical, emotional, or psychological problems might be connected to experiences from previous lifetimes.

Here are some key points to know about Past Life Regression Therapy:

Belief in Reincarnation: Past Life Regression Therapy assumes the belief in reincarnation, which is the idea that a soul can be reborn into different bodies over multiple lifetimes.

 Past Life Regression Therapy is considered a pseudoscience by mainstream psychology.

Hypnosis-Based: Past Life Regression is typically conducted under hypnosis or a deep state of relaxation. A trained therapist guides the individual through visualizations and prompts to access supposed memories from past lives.

Therapeutic Goals: The therapy aims to help individuals address and resolve issues or traumas that are believed to stem from past life experiences. These issues could manifest as phobias, relationship problems, unexplained physical symptoms, or emotional challenges in the present life.

Symbolic Interpretation: Memories or experiences retrieved during Past Life Regression are often highly symbolic and may require interpretation by the therapist. These symbols are believed to hold insights into the individual’s current life challenges.

Catharsis and Healing: Advocates of Past Life Regression Therapy suggest that accessing and resolving past life traumas can lead to emotional release, healing, and personal transformation.

Criticism and Skepticism: Mainstream psychology and scientific communities reject some of the claims of Past Life Regression Therapy due to the lack of empirical evidence and its reliance on subjective interpretations. Critics argue that the experiences and memories retrieved during regression could be products of imagination, suggestibility, or even cultural influences.

Ethical Considerations: Some mental health professionals express concern about the potential for false memories or the exacerbation of psychological issues through Past Life Regression Therapy. Properly trained therapists should adhere to ethical guidelines to ensure the well-being of their clients.

Alternative Approach: Past Life Regression Therapy is considered an alternative or complementary therapy and is not widely accepted within the medical or psychological establishment.

If you are considering Past Life Regression Therapy, it’s important to approach it with an open but critical mind. Make sure to research and choose a qualified and experienced therapist if you decide to explore this approach, and be aware that the therapeutic benefits may be more related to the relaxation and introspection facilitated by the process rather than the actual retrieval of past life memories.
Shervan K Shahhian