Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

The field of Cognitivism Psychology:

Cognitivism is a psychological theoretical framework that focuses on understanding mental processes, such as perception, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. It emerged as a prominent movement in psychology in the late 1950s and 1960s, challenging the behaviorist approach that dominated the field at that time.

Cognitivism views the mind as an information processor, akin to a computer, and seeks to understand how people acquire, store, process, and retrieve information to guide their behavior. It emphasizes the role of internal mental processes in shaping human cognition and behavior. Cognitive psychologists aim to uncover the underlying mental structures and processes that drive human thinking and behavior.

Some key concepts and areas of study within cognitivism include:

1. Information processing: Cognitivists conceptualize the mind as an information processing system, where sensory input is transformed, stored, and retrieved through various cognitive processes.
2. Memory and learning: Cognitivists explore how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in memory. They study different types of memory, such as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and investigate factors that influence learning and memory formation.
3. Perception and attention: Cognitivists investigate how individuals perceive and interpret sensory information from the environment. They examine how attentional processes filter and select relevant information for further processing.
4. Problem-solving and decision-making: Cognitivists study how individuals solve problems, make decisions, and reason through complex situations. They examine the underlying cognitive strategies, problem-solving heuristics, and decision-making biases that influence human behavior.
5. Language and thought: Cognitivists explore the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition, production, and comprehension. They investigate how language influences thinking and how thought processes are expressed through language.
6. Cognitive development: Cognitivists study how cognitive abilities develop across the lifespan, from childhood to adulthood. They examine cognitive milestones, stages of development, and the interplay between biological maturation and environmental influences on cognitive growth.

Cognitivism has had a significant impact on psychology, leading to advancements in areas such as cognitive neuroscience, artificial intelligence, cognitive therapy, educational psychology, and human-computer interaction. It provides valuable insights into human cognitive processes and has contributed to our understanding of how individuals perceive, think, learn, and solve problems.

Shervan K Shahhian

A great explanation of the systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals?

The systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals involves the application of scientific principles and methodologies to study and explain their actions, thoughts, and emotions. It encompasses various disciplines such as psychology, ethology, neuroscience, and sociology. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the systematic approach:

1. Observation: The process begins with careful observation of behavior in its natural or controlled environment. Researchers or scientists keenly observe and document various aspects of behavior, including actions, reactions, and interactions with the environment or other individuals.
2. Hypothesis formulation: Based on observations, researchers develop hypotheses to explain the behavior they have observed. These hypotheses are tentative explanations that can be tested through empirical research.
3. Experimental design: Researchers design experiments or studies to test their hypotheses. They carefully plan the research methodology, including the selection of participants or subjects, the manipulation of variables, and the measurement of outcomes. This step ensures that the research is systematic, controlled, and replicable.
4. Data collection: Researchers collect data through various methods such as behavioral observations, surveys, interviews, physiological measurements, and neuroimaging techniques. These data provide empirical evidence that can support or refute the initial hypotheses.
5. Data analysis: Once the data is collected, researchers employ statistical and analytical techniques to analyze the information gathered. This analysis helps uncover patterns, relationships, and trends within the data.
6. Interpretation: Researchers interpret the analyzed data in the context of their hypotheses. They assess whether the data supports or contradicts their initial explanations of behavior. This step often involves critical thinking, theoretical frameworks, and integration with existing knowledge in the field.
7. Drawing conclusions: Based on the analysis and interpretation of data, researchers draw conclusions regarding the behavior being studied. They evaluate the strength of their findings and discuss the implications of their results in relation to the initial hypotheses.
8. Peer review and replication: In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the findings, researchers submit their work for peer review, where other experts in the field critically evaluate the study’s methodology, analysis, and conclusions. Replication of studies by independent researchers helps confirm or challenge the original findings, enhancing the robustness of the scientific understanding.
9. Theory development: Through the accumulation of evidence from multiple studies, researchers refine existing theories or propose new theoretical frameworks to explain behavior. These theories provide a broader understanding and predictive power to explain future observations.
10. Application and practical implications: The systematic approach to understanding behavior not only contributes to theoretical knowledge but also has practical implications. Insights gained from research can be applied to various fields, such as education, therapy, animal welfare, and policy-making, to enhance human and animal well-being.

By following this systematic approach, researchers strive to gain a deeper understanding of the complex behaviors exhibited by humans and other animals, uncover underlying mechanisms, and contribute to the development of theories and practical applications in numerous domains.

Shervan K Shahhian

The philosophy of the science of behavior:

The philosophy of the science of behavior refers to the underlying principles and assumptions that guide the scientific study of behavior. It is closely associated with the field of behavior analysis, which focuses on understanding and predicting behavior through the systematic observation and manipulation of environmental variables.

The philosophy of the science of behavior is rooted in a naturalistic worldview and emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and objectivity in understanding behavior. It rejects explanations based on unobservable mental states or hypothetical constructs and instead focuses on observable behavior and the environmental factors that influence it.

Key principles of the philosophy of the science of behavior include:

Determinism: Behavior analysts assume that behavior is determined by environmental factors and is not random or influenced by free will. They seek to identify the specific causes and conditions that give rise to behavior.

Empiricism: Behavior analysis emphasizes the use of objective and systematic observation to gather data about behavior. Experimental methods are often employed to establish functional relationships between environmental variables and behavior.

Parsimony: Behavior analysts strive for simplicity in their explanations of behavior. They aim to identify the fewest number of principles or variables necessary to account for the observed behavior.

Pragmatism: The philosophy of behavior analysis values practical application and the development of interventions that can effectively bring about behavior change. It focuses on evidence-based strategies for behavior modification.

Environmentalism: Behavior analysts focus on the role of the environment in shaping behavior. They examine how environmental events, such as stimuli and consequences, influence behavior and utilize this understanding to design interventions.

Social significance: Behavior analysts prioritize addressing socially important behaviors and improving the quality of life for individuals and communities. They strive to identify meaningful behavior change goals and promote socially valid interventions.

Overall, the philosophy of the science of behavior seeks to provide a rigorous and systematic approach to understanding and influencing behavior, with an emphasis on observable evidence and practical application. It has been applied to a wide range of fields, including education, therapy, organizational behavior, and animal training.

Shervan K Shahhian

The study of Gestalt psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism:

Gestalt psychology, also known as gestaltism or configurationism, is a psychological theory and approach that focuses on understanding perception and cognition as holistic processes rather than the sum of individual sensory elements. The term “gestalt” comes from the German word meaning “form” or “shape,” emphasizing the idea that individuals perceive objects and events as organized and structured wholes.

The development of gestalt psychology can be traced back to the early 20th century, primarily in Germany, where psychologists Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka were key figures in its establishment. They sought to challenge the prevailing reductionistic approaches to psychology that focused on breaking down complex experiences into simpler elements.

Gestalt psychologists emphasized the importance of perception and how individuals organize sensory information into meaningful patterns and configurations. They proposed that perception is not a passive process but an active one, with individuals perceiving the whole rather than the sum of its parts. The mind, according to gestaltists, perceives objects and events as complete and structured, even when presented with incomplete or ambiguous information.

Key concepts in gestalt psychology include the laws of organization, which describe how individuals group and organize sensory stimuli. These laws include principles such as proximity, similarity, closure, and continuity, which influence how we perceive and interpret our surroundings. Gestalt psychologists also studied phenomena such as figure-ground perception, where individuals distinguish between a figure (the main object of focus) and the background.

Gestalt psychology had a significant influence on various fields, including perception, problem-solving, learning, and social psychology. Its ideas and principles have also been applied to areas such as art, design, and therapy. However, it is worth noting that gestalt psychology faced criticisms and challenges, particularly from behaviorism and later cognitive psychology, which took different approaches to studying the mind and behavior.

Overall, gestalt psychology provides a framework for understanding how individuals perceive and make sense of the world around them by focusing on the organization and configuration of sensory information rather than isolated elements.

Shervan K Shahhian

Humanistic psychology is the necessary “third force” in psychology:

Humanistic psychology is often referred to as the “third force” in psychology, emerging as a reaction to the dominant schools of thought at the time — behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Developed in the mid-20th century, humanistic psychology sought to provide a more holistic and person-centered approach to understanding human behavior and experience.

The term “third force” was coined by psychologist Abraham Maslow to highlight the need for a new perspective that focused on human potential, growth, and self-actualization. While behaviorism emphasized external behaviors and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious processes, humanistic psychology aimed to study and appreciate the subjective experiences, values, and aspirations of individuals.

Humanistic psychology emphasized the unique qualities and inherent worth of each person. It emphasized the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal responsibility for one’s choices and actions. Key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and Erich Fromm.

One of the central ideas in humanistic psychology is self-actualization, which refers to the innate drive of individuals to fulfill their highest potential and achieve personal growth. According to humanistic psychologists, people have an inherent desire for self-improvement, meaning, and a sense of fulfillment. They believed that individuals possess the ability to make choices and control their own lives, rather than being determined solely by external factors or unconscious processes.

Humanistic psychology also emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and authenticity in facilitating personal growth and psychological well-being. Carl Rogers, in particular, developed a therapeutic approach known as client-centered therapy, which focused on providing a supportive and nonjudgmental environment for individuals to explore and express their true selves.

While humanistic psychology made significant contributions to the field, it did face criticism. Some argued that its ideas were too idealistic and lacked empirical rigor. Additionally, its emphasis on subjective experiences and personal growth often made it difficult to formulate precise and testable hypotheses.

Despite these criticisms, humanistic psychology had a lasting impact on the field of psychology. Its focus on the individual’s subjective experience, personal agency, and the pursuit of self-actualization influenced subsequent branches of psychology, such as positive psychology, existential psychology, and transpersonal psychology. It also had broader societal implications, shaping approaches to education, counseling, and personal development.

Shervan K Shahhian

The fascinating empirical science of the psyche:

The study of the psyche, also known as psychology, is indeed a fascinating empirical science that explores the intricacies of the human mind and behavior. Psychology encompasses a wide range of topics and approaches, aiming to understand and explain various aspects of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, personality, social interaction, and mental processes.

Empirical science refers to the scientific method of gathering evidence through observation and experimentation. In psychology, this involves conducting experiments, observations, and studies to collect data and test hypotheses. Researchers use various research methods, including surveys, interviews, laboratory experiments, field studies, and neuroimaging techniques, among others, to investigate the complexities of the human psyche.

The empirical nature of psychology allows researchers to gather objective data and draw conclusions based on systematic observation and analysis. This evidence-based approach helps to establish reliable theories, identify patterns and trends, and gain insights into the factors that shape human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Psychology explores numerous subfields that focus on different aspects of the psyche. Some prominent subfields include:

1. Cognitive Psychology: Examines mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making.
2. Developmental Psychology: Investigates human development across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
3. Social Psychology: Studies how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence and actions of others.
4. Personality Psychology: Explores individual differences in personality traits, patterns, and dynamics.
5. Clinical Psychology: Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders and psychological distress.
6. Neuropsychology: Examines the relationship between brain function and behavior, studying how damage or dysfunction in the brain affects cognitive processes.
7. Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological principles to the workplace, addressing issues such as employee motivation, productivity, and organizational behavior.

These subfields, among others, contribute to the vast body of knowledge that continues to expand our understanding of the human psyche. Through empirical research, psychologists strive to unravel the complexities of the mind and behavior, leading to practical applications in various fields, including therapy, education, business, and public policy.

Shervan K Shahhian

The life saving work of the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline:

The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is a critical resource that provides life-saving support to individuals experiencing suicidal thoughts or emotional crises. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated 988 as the three-digit dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, making it easier for people in crisis to reach out for help.

The establishment of the 988 Lifeline was driven by the understanding that mental health emergencies require immediate attention and specialized care. Prior to 988, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline could be reached at a ten-digit phone number, which posed a barrier for individuals in distress who needed prompt assistance. The implementation of 988 as a dedicated crisis line aims to improve access to mental health services, reduce response times, and ultimately save lives.

By dialing 988, individuals are connected to a trained crisis counselor who can provide immediate support, empathetic listening, and intervention strategies. These crisis counselors are equipped to handle a variety of situations, ranging from emotional distress and suicidal ideation to substance abuse and other mental health crises. They offer a safe and confidential space for individuals to share their thoughts and feelings, and they can assist in developing a safety plan or connecting callers to local mental health resources.

The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline not only serves those in immediate crisis but also acts as a vital referral network, directing callers to local crisis centers and mental health professionals in their area. This helps ensure that individuals receive ongoing care and support beyond the initial crisis intervention.

Additionally, the 988 Lifeline plays a crucial role in reducing the stigma surrounding mental health and suicide. By making mental health support more accessible and widely known, it encourages individuals to seek help when they need it, potentially preventing tragic outcomes.

It is important to note that while the implementation of the 988 Lifeline is a significant step forward in suicide prevention and crisis intervention, comprehensive mental health care and support require a multifaceted approach. Continued investment in mental health services, community resources, and destigmatization efforts are essential in addressing the complex challenges surrounding mental health and suicide prevention.

Shervan K Shahhian

What are Digital therapeutics?

Digital therapeutics (DTx) are a category of evidence-based interventions that use digital technologies to prevent, manage, or treat medical conditions. They are designed to deliver therapeutic interventions in a structured and engaging manner, often through software applications or online platforms. Digital therapeutics aim to improve patient outcomes by combining elements of medical science, behavioral psychology, and advanced technology.

Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals or medical devices, digital therapeutics primarily rely on software and algorithms to deliver therapeutic interventions. They are typically accessed through smartphones, tablets, computers, or wearable devices, and may involve interactive elements, educational content, personalized feedback, and remote monitoring. Digital therapeutics can be standalone interventions or adjuncts to conventional medical treatments.

The goal of digital therapeutics is to address a range of health conditions, including chronic diseases, mental health disorders, neurological disorders, and lifestyle-related issues such as weight management and smoking cessation. These interventions can help individuals better understand their health conditions, modify behaviors, adhere to treatment plans, and achieve improved health outcomes.

Digital therapeutics often undergo rigorous clinical trials and regulatory evaluations to demonstrate their safety, efficacy, and usability. They are intended to be prescribed or recommended by healthcare professionals as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Some digital therapeutics may also integrate with electronic health records (EHRs) to facilitate seamless data sharing and coordination of care.

It’s important to note that while digital therapeutics can offer valuable support, they are not intended to replace traditional medical treatments or the expertise of healthcare professionals. They are meant to complement existing therapies and provide additional tools for patients to actively manage their health.

Shervan K Shahhian

Traffic psychology to improve traffic mobility:

Traffic psychology plays a crucial role in improving traffic mobility by understanding and influencing human behavior in traffic situations. Here are some key aspects of traffic psychology that can contribute to enhancing traffic flow and mobility:

1. Driver Education and Training: Effective driver education programs can help individuals develop the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes for safe and efficient driving. Educating drivers about traffic rules, defensive driving techniques, and the importance of following traffic regulations can contribute to improved traffic mobility.
2. Behavioral Interventions: Applying behavioral psychology principles can help shape driver behavior and encourage safer and more efficient driving practices. Strategies such as providing feedback on driving performance, implementing rewards and incentives for adherence to traffic rules, and using persuasive messaging can positively influence driver behavior and ultimately enhance traffic flow.
3. Traffic Signage and Road Design: Understanding human perception and cognition is vital in designing clear and effective traffic signage. Well-designed signs and road markings that are easily understood and visible to drivers can help prevent confusion and promote smooth traffic flow. Additionally, road design factors such as lane markings, intersection design, and traffic signal placement should consider human factors to optimize traffic mobility.
4. Driver Attitudes and Emotions: Driver attitudes and emotions significantly impact traffic behavior. Aggressive driving, impatience, and road rage can lead to risky maneuvers, congestion, and accidents. Promoting positive driver attitudes through campaigns, educational initiatives, and stress management techniques can foster a safer and more harmonious traffic environment.
5. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): Integrating technology into transportation systems can enhance traffic mobility. ITS technologies like adaptive traffic signal control, real-time traffic information systems, and intelligent routing algorithms can optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve overall mobility.
6. Public Awareness and Communication: Raising public awareness about the importance of responsible driving and its impact on traffic mobility is essential. Communication campaigns that emphasize the benefits of following traffic rules, respecting other road users, and promoting a collective responsibility for traffic safety can help create a culture of safer and more efficient driving.
7. Research and Data Analysis: Continual research on driver behavior, traffic patterns, and the effectiveness of interventions is vital for improving traffic mobility. Analyzing traffic data can provide insights into traffic flow, identify congestion hotspots, and inform decision-making regarding infrastructure improvements or policy changes.

By combining knowledge from traffic psychology with engineering, technology, and policy measures, it is possible to create a comprehensive approach to improving traffic mobility and creating safer and more efficient transportation systems.

Shervan K Shahhian

Sport psychologists play a crucial role in helping athletes enhance their performance, overcome mental barriers, and improve overall well-being. Here are some ways in which sport psychologists assist athletes:

Performance Enhancement: Sport psychologists work with athletes to optimize their performance by developing mental skills such as goal setting, visualization, concentration, and self-talk. They help athletes improve their focus, manage anxiety, and build confidence to perform at their best.
Mental Preparation: Sport psychologists assist athletes in preparing mentally for competitions and important events. They help athletes develop pre-performance routines, manage performance anxiety, and cope with pressure situations effectively. They also teach relaxation techniques and breathing exercises to promote mental calmness.
Motivation and Goal Setting: Sport psychologists help athletes set meaningful and realistic goals, both short-term and long-term. They assist in developing strategies to stay motivated, overcome setbacks, and maintain a positive mindset. They may also work with athletes to establish intrinsic motivation, which comes from within and is based on personal values and enjoyment of the sport.
Confidence Building: Sport psychologists help athletes build and maintain confidence in their abilities. They work on enhancing self-belief, positive self-talk, and developing a strong mental attitude. By addressing self-doubt and fear of failure, they empower athletes to perform at their peak potential.
Emotional Regulation: Managing emotions is vital for athletes. Sport psychologists teach techniques to regulate emotions, handle stress, and control anger or frustration. They help athletes develop emotional resilience and maintain emotional balance during high-pressure situations.
Injury Rehabilitation: When athletes experience injuries, sport psychologists provide support throughout the recovery process. They assist in coping with the emotional and psychological challenges associated with injuries, maintaining a positive mindset, and facilitating the transition back to competition.
Team Dynamics and Communication: Sport psychologists work with teams to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and enhance cohesion. They address issues such as team dynamics, leadership, and collaboration, which contribute to the overall performance of the team.
Life Skills and Transition: Sport psychologists help athletes develop life skills that can benefit them both during and after their athletic careers. They assist in managing the transition from sport to other areas of life, such as retirement or pursuing new goals, by providing guidance, support, and strategies for personal growth.
It’s important to note that sport psychologists work in collaboration with coaches, trainers, and other members of the athlete’s support team to provide comprehensive support and ensure the holistic development of athletes.
Shervan K Shahhian