Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

What is Career counseling?

Career counseling is a process that helps individuals make informed decisions about their career paths and development. It involves the guidance and support provided by trained professionals, known as career counselors, who assist individuals in assessing their interests, strengths, skills, and values to determine suitable career options.

The primary objective of career counseling is to help individuals explore and understand their career-related goals and make choices that align with their abilities and aspirations. Career counselors use various tools and techniques to facilitate this process, such as career assessments, aptitude tests, personality inventories, and interviews.

During career counseling sessions, individuals may discuss their educational background, work experience, personal preferences, and goals. Career counselors help clients explore different career options, provide information about job markets and industry trends, and offer insights into various occupations. They may also assist with resume writing, interview preparation, and job search strategies.

Career counseling is not limited to students or job seekers. It can be beneficial at any stage of a person’s professional life, whether they are considering a career change, seeking advancement opportunities, or facing challenges in their current job.

The ultimate goal of career counseling is to empower individuals to make well-informed decisions about their careers, enhance their job satisfaction, and achieve their professional goals. It provides guidance, support, and resources to help individuals navigate the complex world of work and maximize their potential.

Shervan K Shahhian

What is Dance therapy?

Dance therapy, also known as dance movement therapy or dance/movement psychotherapy, is a form of expressive therapy that integrates movement and dance with psychological and emotional well-being. It is based on the principle that the body and mind are interconnected, and by engaging in therapeutic movement and dance, individuals can enhance their physical, emotional, cognitive, and social integration.

Dance therapy utilizes various movement techniques, improvisation, and choreography to explore and express emotions, promote self-awareness, and facilitate personal growth and healing. The movement and dance sequences are tailored to meet the needs and goals of each individual or group.

In dance therapy sessions, a trained dance therapist or movement psychotherapist works closely with clients to create a safe and supportive environment. The therapist helps individuals explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences through movement, encouraging them to express themselves non-verbally and embody their emotions.

Dance therapy can be used with diverse populations, including children, adolescents, adults, and older adults, and it is employed in various settings such as mental health centers, schools, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and community organizations. It can be beneficial for individuals dealing with a wide range of conditions, including anxiety, depression, trauma, body image issues, eating disorders, and stress-related disorders.

The goals of dance therapy may include enhancing self-esteem and body image, improving emotional regulation and self-expression, increasing physical coordination and flexibility, fostering social interaction and communication skills, and promoting overall well-being and personal growth.

It’s important to note that dance therapy is typically conducted by professionals who have completed specialized training in dance/movement therapy and hold appropriate credentials from accredited programs or organizations.

Shervan K Shahhian

What is Academic advising?

Academic advising is a process that involves providing guidance and support to students in making informed decisions about their educational and career goals. It is a collaborative relationship between an academic advisor and a student, where the advisor helps the student navigate their academic journey and make choices that align with their interests, abilities, and aspirations.

The primary role of an academic advisor is to assist students in understanding the requirements and opportunities within their chosen academic program. They help students develop an educational plan that aligns with their goals, select appropriate courses, and ensure they meet all the necessary prerequisites and graduation requirements.

Academic advisors also offer support and resources to help students overcome challenges and make the most of their educational experience. They may provide information on campus resources, study skills, time management, and strategies for academic success. Additionally, advisors can help students explore career options, discuss internship or co-op opportunities, and provide guidance on post-graduation plans.

The specific responsibilities of academic advisors can vary depending on the institution and level of education. Some advisors work with students in a general advising capacity, while others specialize in specific academic departments or programs. Ultimately, the goal of academic advising is to empower students to make well-informed decisions and maximize their educational and personal growth.

Shervan K Shahhian

What is Behavior modification?

Behavior modification refers to a systematic approach to changing or modifying human behavior. It is based on the principles of learning theory and seeks to bring about desired changes in behavior through the use of various techniques and strategies. The primary goal of behavior modification is to increase desired behaviors or decrease unwanted behaviors by applying positive or negative consequences.

Behavior modification is often used in various settings, such as schools, workplaces, and clinical settings, to address a wide range of behavioral issues. It involves identifying the target behavior that needs to be changed, setting specific goals, and implementing interventions to achieve those goals.

There are several techniques commonly employed in behavior modification, including positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and modeling. Positive reinforcement involves providing rewards or incentives to strengthen desired behaviors. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli when a desired behavior is performed. Punishment involves applying negative consequences to discourage or decrease unwanted behaviors. Shaping refers to gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome by reinforcing successive approximations. Modeling involves demonstrating and encouraging desired behaviors through observational learning.

Behavior modification techniques can be applied to various behavioral problems, such as reducing aggression, promoting healthy habits, improving academic performance, managing phobias, addressing substance abuse, and treating psychological disorders. It is important to note that behavior modification should be conducted ethically and with respect for the individual’s autonomy and well-being.

Overall, behavior modification provides a structured and evidence-based approach to behavior change, focusing on observable behaviors and their consequences to promote positive behavioral outcomes.

Shervan K Shahhian

What is Behaviorism?

Behaviorism is a psychological theory and approach that focuses on observable behaviors and external stimuli, rather than on internal mental processes. It emerged as a dominant school of thought in psychology during the early 20th century, primarily associated with the work of John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

According to behaviorism, the study of human behavior should be based on observable actions, as these can be objectively measured and studied. It disregards subjective experiences, thoughts, and emotions as they cannot be directly observed. Behaviorists believe that all behaviors, including complex ones, are learned through a process of conditioning.

There are two main forms of conditioning within behaviorism: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning, proposed by Ivan Pavlov, involves the association of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response. For example, in Pavlov’s famous experiments, a dog learned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (meaningful stimulus) and would eventually salivate in response to the bell alone.

Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, focuses on the consequences of behavior. It suggests that behaviors can be strengthened or weakened through reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while punishment decreases it. Skinner introduced the concept of the Skinner box, a controlled environment used to study operant conditioning in animals.

Behaviorism has been influential in various fields, including education, therapy, and animal training. It emphasizes the importance of environmental factors and learning processes in shaping behavior. However, behaviorism has been criticized for its neglect of internal mental processes, individual differences, and the role of cognition in behavior. Over time, other psychological approaches, such as cognitive psychology, have emerged to complement and expand upon behaviorism’s ideas.

Shervan K Shahhian

What are a List of psychotherapies?

There are numerous types of psychotherapies used to treat various mental health conditions and improve overall well-being. Here is a list of some commonly known psychotherapies:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Focuses on identifying and modifying negative thought patterns and behaviors to promote healthier coping mechanisms.

Psychodynamic Therapy: Explores the unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts to gain insight into one’s emotions, relationships, and behaviors.

Humanistic Therapy: Emphasizes personal growth, self-acceptance, and self-actualization, aiming to enhance self-awareness and fulfillment.

Gestalt Therapy: Encourages individuals to focus on the present moment, promoting self-awareness and personal responsibility.

Family Therapy: Involves working with families to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and enhance family dynamics.

Couples Therapy: Focuses on improving communication, resolving conflicts, and enhancing the overall relationship satisfaction between partners.

Narrative Therapy: Helps individuals reframe their personal narratives, empowering them to change their perceptions and create more positive life stories.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT): Concentrates on identifying and building on an individual’s existing strengths and resources to find solutions to specific problems.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Primarily used to treat borderline personality disorder and focuses on emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): Encourages individuals to accept their thoughts and feelings while committing to actions aligned with their values.

Psychodrama: Utilizes role-playing and group dynamics to explore and resolve emotional issues.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Primarily used to treat trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by targeting distressing memories and facilitating their reprocessing.

Art Therapy: Incorporates artistic expression to promote self-discovery, emotional healing, and personal growth.

Play Therapy: Primarily used with children, it allows them to express their thoughts, emotions, and experiences through play.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): Combines aspects of CBT with mindfulness practices to help individuals manage negative thoughts and prevent relapse in depression.

It’s important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and there are many other psychotherapies and therapeutic approaches available. Therapists often integrate different techniques and modalities based on their training, the client’s needs, and the specific goals of therapy.
​Shervan K Shahhian

Who are Mental health professionals?

Mental health professionals are trained individuals who specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and support of individuals experiencing mental health issues or psychological distress. They possess expertise in various fields and utilize their knowledge and skills to promote mental well-being and address mental health concerns.

Here are some examples of mental health professionals:

Psychiatrists: Medical doctors who specialize in mental health. They can diagnose mental health disorders, prescribe medication, and provide various forms of treatment, including therapy.

Psychologists: Professionals with advanced degrees in psychology who assess and treat mental health disorders through therapy and counseling. They may also conduct psychological testing and research.

Counselors: Professionals who provide counseling and guidance to individuals, couples, families, or groups. They may have specialized training in areas such as marriage and family therapy, addiction counseling, or school counseling.

Clinical social workers: Professionals with a master’s degree in social work who provide therapy and support to individuals, families, and communities. They often focus on addressing social and environmental factors impacting mental health.

Psychiatric nurses: Registered nurses with additional training and specialization in mental health. They can provide therapy, administer medication, and support individuals with mental health challenges.

Licensed professional counselors: Trained professionals who provide mental health counseling services and help individuals cope with various issues, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship difficulties.

Marriage and family therapists: Professionals who specialize in helping couples and families improve their relationships and address mental health challenges within a family context.

These are just a few examples, and there are other types of mental health professionals as well. It’s important to note that the specific roles and qualifications of mental health professionals can vary depending on the country, state, or region in which they practice.

Shervan K Shahhian

Client confidentiality is of critical importance in mental health treatment for several reasons:

Trust and therapeutic alliance: Client confidentiality is a cornerstone of establishing trust between the client and mental health professional. When clients know that their personal information will be kept confidential, they are more likely to open up, share sensitive information, and engage in an honest and open therapeutic process. This trust forms the foundation of a strong therapeutic alliance, which is essential for effective treatment outcomes.

Privacy and autonomy: Respecting client confidentiality is essential for upholding their right to privacy and autonomy. Mental health treatment often involves discussing deeply personal and sensitive information, including past traumas, personal relationships, and other confidential matters. Ensuring client confidentiality allows individuals to feel safe and secure in sharing their experiences without fear of judgment or unauthorized disclosure.

Open communication and self-disclosure: Effective therapy relies on open and honest communication between the client and the mental health professional. Client confidentiality encourages clients to freely express their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, including sensitive or embarrassing information. Without the assurance of confidentiality, clients may hesitate to share certain details that could be crucial for accurate assessment and treatment planning.

Stigma reduction: Many mental health conditions carry social stigmas that can discourage individuals from seeking help. Assuring client confidentiality helps reduce the fear of judgment or potential negative consequences associated with disclosing mental health concerns. When confidentiality is protected, individuals are more likely to seek treatment, which can lead to earlier intervention, improved outcomes, and decreased stigma surrounding mental health.

Legal and ethical obligations: Mental health professionals have legal and ethical obligations to maintain client confidentiality. Laws and professional codes of ethics typically require mental health practitioners to protect the privacy of their clients and to obtain informed consent before sharing information. Breaching client confidentiality can result in legal consequences, loss of professional licensure, and damage to the reputation of the mental health professional.

It is important to note that while client confidentiality is generally upheld, there are exceptions when it is ethically or legally necessary to disclose certain information. These exceptions typically include situations where there is a risk of harm to the client or others, suspected child abuse, or a court order requiring disclosure. However, mental health professionals should strive to maintain confidentiality to the greatest extent possible and communicate any necessary disclosures clearly to their clients.

Shervan K Shahhian

What is Superiority complex?

Superiority complex is a psychological term used to describe an exaggerated belief or feeling of superiority, importance, or grandiosity that an individual holds about themselves. It is a defense mechanism that people may develop to compensate for underlying feelings of inferiority or low self-esteem.

Individuals with a superiority complex tend to have an inflated sense of self-worth and a deep need for validation and recognition from others. They often display a condescending attitude towards others, believing themselves to be more intelligent, talented, or capable than those around them. They may constantly seek opportunities to assert their dominance or prove their superiority, disregarding the feelings and opinions of others.

Underlying this complex is often a fragile self-image, and the individual may be highly sensitive to criticism or perceived threats to their self-perceived superiority. They may go to great lengths to maintain their self-image, such as belittling others, exaggerating their accomplishments, or seeking positions of power and authority.

It is important to note that a superiority complex is considered maladaptive and can negatively impact personal relationships and social interactions. Individuals with this complex may struggle to form genuine connections with others due to their constant need to establish dominance. Additionally, their grandiose self-perception can hinder personal growth and prevent them from recognizing their own flaws or seeking improvement.

It’s worth mentioning that the term “superiority complex” is not used in clinical psychology as a formal diagnosis, but rather as a descriptive concept to understand certain behavioral patterns and attitudes in individuals.

Shervan K Shahhian

What is an Inferiority complex?

An inferiority complex is a psychological condition characterized by an individual’s persistent feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, and incompetence. People with an inferiority complex tend to have an exaggerated sense of their own shortcomings and believe they are inherently inferior to others. This complex can manifest in various aspects of life, such as work, relationships, and social interactions.

The concept of an inferiority complex was first introduced by the Austrian psychiatrist Alfred Adler, who believed that feelings of inferiority were a central motivating force in human behavior. According to Adler’s theory, individuals develop an inferiority complex when they perceive a significant gap between their own perceived abilities or achievements and the standards set by society or their own internal expectations.

Several factors can contribute to the development of an inferiority complex. Childhood experiences, such as excessive criticism, neglect, or constant comparison to others, can play a significant role. Traumatic events, bullying, or a prolonged sense of failure can also contribute to the development of this complex.

People with an inferiority complex often exhibit certain behavioral patterns. They may constantly seek validation and approval from others, fear failure, avoid taking risks, or feel intense jealousy and resentment toward those they perceive as superior. These individuals may develop compensatory behaviors to mask their feelings of inferiority or overcompensate by striving for perfection in specific areas of life.

Overcoming an inferiority complex typically requires a combination of self-reflection, therapy, and personal growth. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be beneficial in challenging negative thought patterns and developing healthier self-perceptions. Building self-confidence, setting realistic goals, and embracing personal strengths and achievements are also essential in the journey toward overcoming an inferiority complex.

Shervan K Shahhian