Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

The benefits of proper assertiveness?

Proper assertiveness can have numerous benefits in various areas of life, including personal relationships, professional settings, and even one’s own mental health. Here are some of the key benefits of being assertive:

Improved Communication: Assertiveness involves expressing your thoughts, feelings, and needs in a clear and direct way. This can lead to better communication and understanding in both personal and professional relationships.

Increased Self-Esteem: When you are assertive, you are standing up for yourself and your needs. This can help boost your self-confidence and self-esteem.

Reduced Stress: When you are assertive, you are more likely to have your needs met, which can help reduce stress and anxiety.

Greater Respect: People are more likely to respect you when you are assertive, as you are showing that you value yourself and your opinions.

More Positive Outcomes: Being assertive can lead to more positive outcomes, as you are more likely to get what you want or need when you express yourself clearly and confidently.

Overall, proper assertiveness can help improve communication, increase self-esteem, reduce stress, earn respect, and lead to more positive outcomes in various aspects of life.

Shervan K Shahhian

Delirium is a serious disturbance in mental function that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of one’s surroundings. It is often referred to as an acute confusional state and is typically characterized by rapid onset, fluctuating course, and a disturbance in attention, orientation, memory, language, perception, and/or thinking.

Delirium can be caused by a variety of medical conditions, including infections, drug reactions, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, organ failure, and other underlying illnesses. It can also be triggered by surgery, certain medications, alcohol or drug withdrawal, and other factors that disrupt the normal functioning of the brain.

Symptoms of delirium may include disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and restlessness. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve addressing the medical condition, providing supportive care, and sometimes administering medication to manage symptoms.

Prompt recognition and treatment of delirium is important, as it can be a sign of a serious medical condition and can have long-lasting consequences if left untreated.

Shervan K Shahhian

Drug-induced psychosis is a condition that can occur as a result of drug use, where a person experiences symptoms that are similar to those of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Psychosis is a mental state where a person experiences a loss of touch with reality, often experiencing delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking.

Drug-induced psychosis can be caused by a range of different substances, including stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine, hallucinogens such as LSD and PCP, and certain prescription medications such as steroids and antidepressants. The onset of symptoms can vary depending on the substance and the individual, but can occur suddenly and last for days or weeks.

Symptoms of drug-induced psychosis can include paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and behavior that is bizarre or aggressive. Treatment may involve detoxification from the drug and the use of antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of drug-induced psychosis, as it can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

Shervan K Shahhian

Dealing with toxic people can be challenging, but it’s essential to prioritize your well-being and establish healthy boundaries. Here are some strategies that can help you manage toxic individuals:

Set boundaries: Be clear about what you’re willing and not willing to accept from the toxic person. Communicate your boundaries firmly and assertively.

Stay calm: Toxic people often use emotional manipulation to get what they want. Don’t let their behavior affect your emotions. Try to remain calm and composed during interactions.

Don’t take it personally: Toxic people’s behavior is a reflection of their own issues and has nothing to do with you. Don’t let their negative comments or actions affect your self-worth.

Avoid engagement: Sometimes, the best way to deal with toxic people is to avoid them altogether. Limit your interactions with them or avoid them completely if possible.

Seek support: Surround yourself with supportive people who understand your situation and can offer guidance and encouragement.

Practice self-care: Take care of yourself by engaging in activities that bring you joy and relaxation. Exercise, meditation, and self-reflection can help you cope with the stress of dealing with toxic people.

Remember that you cannot change toxic people’s behavior, but you can control your own reactions and establish healthy boundaries to protect your well-being.

Shervan K Shahhian.

The path of least resistance refers to the tendency for people to choose the easiest or most comfortable option, rather than the one that requires more effort or discomfort. Here are some pros and cons of this approach:

Pros:

Efficiency: Choosing the path of least resistance can often be the most efficient way to get things done, as it requires less energy and resources than other options.

Reduced stress: By choosing the easier option, you can avoid unnecessary stress and anxiety that might come with taking a more difficult path.

Increased creativity: By avoiding the constraints and limitations of more traditional or conventional approaches, you may be able to think more creatively and come up with more innovative solutions.

Cons:

Lack of growth: If you always take the easy way out, you may miss out on opportunities to challenge yourself and grow as a person.

Mediocrity: Choosing the path of least resistance can sometimes lead to mediocrity or complacency, as you may be satisfied with average or sub-par results.

Missed opportunities: Taking the easy option may mean you miss out on potentially rewarding or fulfilling experiences that require more effort and risk-taking.

In summary, while the path of least resistance can be useful in certain situations, it is important to balance it with a willingness to take on challenges and push yourself outside of your comfort zone.

Shervan K Shahhian

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The Multi-Level Approach to Theories of Addiction is a theoretical framework that seeks to explain addiction as a complex phenomenon that involves multiple levels of analysis, including biological, psychological, and social factors. This approach recognizes that addiction is not solely a result of an individual’s choices or behavior, but rather the result of a complex interaction between various factors at different levels.

At the biological level, addiction is understood as a result of changes in the brain’s reward system, which can be caused by exposure to drugs or other addictive substances. The psychological level considers how an individual’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors influence their use of addictive substances. The social level takes into account how social and cultural factors, such as peer pressure and societal norms, can influence an individual’s susceptibility to addiction.

The multi-level approach suggests that addiction is a complex and dynamic process that can involve interactions between these different levels of analysis. For example, biological factors may predispose an individual to addiction, while social and psychological factors may influence their decision to use drugs or other addictive substances. Similarly, environmental factors, such as stress or trauma, can interact with biological and psychological factors to increase the likelihood of addiction.

By understanding addiction through a multi-level approach, researchers and clinicians can develop more comprehensive and effective interventions to prevent and treat addiction. This approach recognizes that addiction is not simply a matter of individual choice or morality, but rather a complex phenomenon that requires a holistic and integrated approach to understanding and addressing its underlying causes.

Shervan K Shahhian

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Paraphilic disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that involve persistent and intense sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve non-human objects, non-consenting individuals, or suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner. These fantasies or behaviors are considered abnormal, distressing, and may cause harm to oneself or others.

Some common examples of paraphilic disorders include exhibitionism (exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting strangers), voyeurism (observing unsuspecting individuals engaged in sexual activities), fetishism (using non-human objects to achieve sexual arousal), pedophilia (sexual attraction to prepubescent children), and sadomasochism (enjoying or causing physical or emotional pain during sexual activities).

It is important to note that having a paraphilic disorder does not necessarily mean that a person will act on their fantasies or cause harm to others. However, when these urges and behaviors become problematic and cause distress or harm, professional help may be needed.

Shervan K Shahhian

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by longstanding patterns of thought, behavior, and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms and cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or personal functioning. These patterns are deeply ingrained, inflexible, and pervasive across various contexts, and usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood.

There are several types of personality disorders, grouped into three clusters based on their characteristic features:

Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric): Includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders, which are characterized by social detachment, suspicion, eccentric beliefs or behavior, and cognitive or perceptual distortions.

Cluster B (Dramatic or Erratic): Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders, which are characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, attention-seeking, and interpersonal instability.

Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful): Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, which are characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, perfectionism, rigidity, and avoidance of social situations.

Personality disorders can be difficult to treat, but therapy and medication can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. It is important to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know may have a personality disorder.

Shervan K Shahhian

Neurocognitive Disorders, formerly known as dementia, refer to a group of conditions that involve cognitive decline and impairment in various areas of mental function, including memory, language, attention, perception, and reasoning. The most common causes of neurocognitive disorders are Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia.

Symptoms of neurocognitive disorders typically include problems with memory, language, and decision-making, as well as changes in behavior and personality. People with neurocognitive disorders may also experience difficulty with everyday activities such as self-care, managing finances, and driving.

Neurocognitive disorders can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life, as well as the lives of their family and caregivers. Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the disorder, but may include medication, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise.

Shervan K Shahhian

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders refer to a group of mental health conditions characterized by a person’s continued use of drugs or alcohol despite experiencing negative consequences and a loss of control over their use.

These disorders include:

Substance Use Disorder: A pattern of using alcohol or drugs that leads to significant impairment or distress, such as inability to meet responsibilities at work, school or home, or experiencing legal problems.

Alcohol Use Disorder: A specific type of Substance Use Disorder, which is characterized by the excessive and compulsive use of alcohol, leading to negative consequences.

Nicotine Use Disorder: A type of Substance Use Disorder characterized by the continued use of nicotine, such as smoking, chewing tobacco, or using e-cigarettes, despite negative consequences.

Gambling Disorder: A behavioral addiction that involves repeated and compulsive gambling despite negative consequences, such as financial problems, relationship issues, or legal troubles.

Other Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: This category includes disorders related to the use of other substances, such as opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabis.

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders can have severe consequences for a person’s physical, mental, and social well-being, and often require professional treatment and support for recovery.

Shervan K Shahhian