Category Archives: Uncategorized

Phenomenology, what is it:

Phenomenology is a philosophical approach and method that focuses on the study of human consciousness and subjective experiences. It was developed in the early 20th century, primarily by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, and has since become a prominent and influential branch of philosophy. Phenomenology seeks to understand and describe the structure of conscious experience as it is directly given to us, without making assumptions about the existence of an external world or objective reality.

Key characteristics and concepts of phenomenology include:

Bracketing (Epoche): Phenomenologists practice a form of “bracketing,” where they temporarily suspend or set aside any preconceived beliefs, assumptions, or judgments about the phenomenon they are investigating. This allows them to approach the phenomenon with a fresh and open perspective.

Intentionality: Phenomenology emphasizes the concept of intentionality, which means that consciousness is always directed toward something. Every experience is an experience of something, and this intentional structure is at the heart of phenomenological analysis.

Description: Phenomenology is primarily concerned with careful and detailed description of conscious experiences. Phenomenologists seek to uncover the essential and invariant features of these experiences.

Phenomenological Reduction: This is the process by which phenomenologists attempt to strip away the layers of interpretation and presupposition to access the pure, raw data of experience. It involves suspending judgment and looking at phenomena as they present themselves.

Phenomenological Epoché: Similar to reduction, epoché involves setting aside assumptions about the external world and focusing solely on the phenomena as they appear in consciousness.

Eidetic Reduction: This involves identifying and exploring the essential or “eidetic” characteristics of a phenomenon, which are those features that are necessary for the phenomenon to be what it is.

Phenomenology has been influential not only in philosophy but also in psychology, sociology, and other fields. It has given rise to various schools and approaches, including existentialism, hermeneutic phenomenology, and transcendental phenomenology. Existentialist thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty drew on phenomenological ideas to explore human existence and the meaning of life. Hermeneutic phenomenology, as developed by philosophers like Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer, focused on the interpretation of human experience and the role of language and culture in shaping it. Transcendental phenomenology, as articulated by Husserl and later elaborated upon by others like Emmanuel Levinas, delves into the foundational structures of consciousness.

In summary, phenomenology is a philosophical approach that aims to understand and describe the nature of human consciousness and subjective experience by examining phenomena as they appear in our conscious awareness, without presupposing an objective reality beyond these experiences. It is characterized by its rigorous descriptive methods and emphasis on intentionality and the suspension of preconceived beliefs.

Shervan K Shahhian

Neuromodulation medicine, what is it:

Neuromodulation medicine refers to a branch of medical treatment that involves the use of various techniques and technologies to modulate or modify the activity of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex network of cells, including neurons, that transmit signals throughout the body and play a critical role in controlling various bodily functions.

Neuromodulation therapies are typically used to treat conditions in which the nervous system is either overactive or underactive, leading to various health problems. These therapies can help restore or regulate the normal functioning of the nervous system to alleviate symptoms or improve a patient’s quality of life. Some common neuromodulation techniques and devices include:

1. Electrical Stimulation: This involves the use of electrical currents to stimulate or inhibit specific neural pathways. It can include techniques like spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation. These approaches are used to treat conditions like chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and depression.
2. Pharmacological Neuromodulation: This involves the use of medications to alter the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain and nervous system. Examples include antidepressant medications, antiepileptic drugs, and medications used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
3. Neurofeedback: This technique involves providing real-time feedback to patients about their brain activity, allowing them to learn how to self-regulate and modulate their neural activity. It’s often used for conditions like ADHD and certain mood disorders.
4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS uses magnetic fields to stimulate or inhibit specific areas of the brain. It’s used as a non-invasive treatment for depression and other neurological and psychiatric conditions.
5. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: This technique involves the stimulation of peripheral nerves to alleviate pain and treat conditions like neuropathy.
6. Biofeedback: Biofeedback involves providing patients with real-time information about physiological processes such as heart rate, muscle tension, or skin temperature. Patients can learn to control these processes to manage conditions like chronic pain and anxiety.

Neuromodulation therapies are typically considered when more conservative treatments have failed, and they can be highly effective in managing a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. However, they often require careful assessment and ongoing monitoring by medical professionals to ensure safety and effectiveness. The choice of neuromodulation technique depends on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient’s needs and circumstances.

Shervan K Shahhian

Neuropsychology, what is it:

Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the relationship between brain function and behavior. It seeks to understand how the brain’s structure and function influence a person’s cognitive abilities, emotions, and behaviors. Neuropsychologists study how damage or dysfunction in specific areas of the brain can lead to changes in a person’s thinking, emotions, and behavior.

Key aspects of neuropsychology include:

1. Assessment: Neuropsychologists use a variety of tests and assessments to evaluate a person’s cognitive abilities, including memory, attention, language, and problem-solving skills. These assessments help identify any cognitive impairments or deficits.
2. Brain-behavior relationships: Neuropsychologists investigate how specific brain regions are associated with particular cognitive functions or behaviors. They use techniques such as brain imaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans) and electrophysiological measures (e.g., EEG) to examine brain activity and structure.
3. Rehabilitation: Neuropsychologists often work with individuals who have suffered brain injuries or neurological disorders, such as strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or neurodegenerative diseases. They develop and implement rehabilitation strategies to help patients regain lost functions or adapt to their cognitive deficits.
4. Clinical practice: Neuropsychologists may provide clinical services to individuals with various neurological conditions, helping them understand and manage their cognitive and emotional challenges. This can involve therapy, counseling, and other interventions tailored to the individual’s needs.
5. Research: Many neuropsychologists engage in research to advance our understanding of brain-behavior relationships. Their work may contribute to the development of treatments and interventions for neurological conditions and cognitive disorders.

Neuropsychology is a multidisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from psychology, neuroscience, and medicine. It plays a crucial role in diagnosing and treating individuals with brain-related disorders and injuries, as well as in improving our understanding of the brain’s role in human behavior and cognition.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding the modern neuroscientific hypothesis

Understanding the modern neuroscientific hypothesis: Modern neuroscience is a highly dynamic and evolving field. I can provide an overview of some key hypotheses and trends in modern neuroscience. Please keep in mind that new discoveries and hypotheses may have emerged since then.

Connectome: One central hypothesis is that the brain’s function can be understood through the concept of the connectome. The connectome is a comprehensive map of the neural connections in the brain, akin to how a road map shows the connections between different locations. Researchers believe that understanding the connectome will provide insights into various brain functions, including memory, perception, and decision-making.

Neuroplasticity: Modern neuroscience recognizes the brain’s remarkable ability to adapt and change throughout life, known as neuroplasticity. This concept challenges the older view that the brain’s structure and function are relatively fixed after a certain age. Neuroplasticity has important implications for learning, recovery from brain injuries, and understanding developmental disorders.

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Neuroscientists study the role of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) and neuromodulators in brain function. These substances play a crucial role in transmitting signals between neurons and regulating various brain processes. Understanding the balance and function of these chemicals is essential for unraveling the mysteries of brain function and mental health.

Cognitive Neuroscience: This interdisciplinary field seeks to understand how cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, perception, and decision-making, are implemented in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience combines knowledge from psychology, neuroscience, and other disciplines to examine the neural mechanisms underlying these cognitive processes.

Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Research in modern neuroscience aims to uncover the neural underpinnings of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and depression. Identifying the neural basis of these conditions can lead to more effective treatments and therapies.

Emerging Technologies: Advances in imaging techniques, like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and optogenetics, have revolutionized our ability to study the brain. These technologies allow researchers to observe brain activity and connectivity in ways that were previously impossible.

Computational Neuroscience: This field uses computer modeling and simulations to understand brain function. Researchers create mathematical models that mimic neural processes to gain insights into how the brain processes information and generates behavior.

Consciousness: The nature of consciousness remains a fundamental question in neuroscience. Researchers are exploring various theories and conducting experiments to gain a deeper understanding of how and why we have subjective experiences.

Ethical and Philosophical Considerations: As neuroscience advances, ethical and philosophical questions regarding the brain and mind become increasingly important. These include questions about free will, personal identity, and the implications of neuroscientific discoveries for society.

It’s important to note that neuroscience is a rapidly evolving field, and new hypotheses and discoveries continue to emerge. To stay current with the latest developments in modern neuroscience, it’s advisable to consult recent scientific literature and news from reputable sources.

Shervan K Shahhian

The Vibrational State, what is it:

The term “vibrational state” can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few possible interpretations:

Physics and Chemistry: In the context of physics and chemistry, the vibrational state typically refers to the quantum mechanical state of a molecule or an atom’s vibrational motion. Molecules consist of atoms that are connected by chemical bonds, and these atoms can vibrate relative to each other. The vibrational states of molecules are quantized, meaning they can only exist at certain energy levels, and they play a crucial role in processes like infrared spectroscopy, where the absorption of infrared light is used to study molecular vibrations.

Meditation and Consciousness: In some spiritual and meditation practices, the vibrational state refers to a subjective experience of altered consciousness. Some individuals report feeling a sensation of vibration or oscillation throughout their body during deep meditation or out-of-body experiences. This state is often described as a heightened or altered state of awareness, where one may feel detached from their physical body.

Astral Projection and Out-of-Body Experiences: Some people use the term “vibrational state” to describe a specific phase or sensation that occurs during attempts to induce astral projection or out-of-body experiences. It is said to involve a distinct sensation of energy or vibrations coursing through the body, often accompanied by a feeling of paralysis. This state is sometimes considered a precursor to separating one’s consciousness from the physical body.

Spirituality and New Age Beliefs: In some New Age and spiritual belief systems, the vibrational state is associated with one’s overall energetic or vibrational frequency. It is believed that a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions can influence their vibrational state, and higher vibrational states are associated with greater spiritual awareness, positivity, and well-being.

The interpretation of the vibrational state can vary widely depending on the specific context in which it is used. It’s essential to understand the context and framework in which the term is being employed to fully grasp its meaning and implications.

Shervan K Shahhian

Exploring the concept of self-tuning to higher consciousness from a neuroscience-based perspective is a fascinating endeavor. Higher consciousness, often associated with heightened awareness, self-realization, and a sense of interconnectedness, has been a topic of interest in various spiritual and philosophical traditions. While neuroscience has not fully elucidated the mechanisms behind higher consciousness, there are several areas of research and theories that can shed light on this intriguing concept. Neuroplasticity: One of the key concepts in neuroscience is neuroplasticity, which refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself in response to experience and learning. It is plausible that practices aimed at elevating consciousness, such as meditation or mindfulness, can induce neuroplastic changes in the brain. Studies have shown structural and functional changes in brain regions associated with awareness and introspection following meditation and mindfulness training. Default Mode Network (DMN): The DMN is a network of brain regions that is active when the mind is at rest and not focused on the external environment. It is believed to play a role in self-referential thinking and introspection. Some research suggests that alterations in the DMN’s activity are associated with shifts in consciousness, such as during deep meditation or psychedelic experiences. Neurochemistry: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as serotonin, dopamine, and even endogenous psychedelics like DMT (Dimethyltryptamine), are thought to influence states of consciousness. Altered levels of these substances may contribute to shifts in consciousness, and studying their effects on the brain can provide insights into the neurobiology of higher consciousness. Connectomics: Advancements in neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, have allowed researchers to map the intricate connectivity patterns of the brain. Understanding how different brain regions communicate and synchronize during altered states of consciousness may provide insights into the neural basis of higher consciousness. Consciousness Theories: Various theories of consciousness, such as the integrated information theory (IIT) and the global workspace theory, offer frameworks to investigate how the brain processes information and generates conscious experiences. These theories can be applied to study the mechanisms underlying higher consciousness. Mind-Body Practices: Practices like yoga, tai chi, and qigong have been associated with altered states of consciousness. Investigating their effects on the brain can provide valuable insights into the neural correlates of higher consciousness. It’s important to note that the concept of “higher consciousness” is multifaceted and subjective, and not all aspects of it may be directly measurable or explainable through neuroscience alone. Additionally, individual experiences and cultural factors can significantly influence one’s perception of higher consciousness. Therefore, while neuroscience can offer valuable insights into the neural processes associated with altered states of consciousness, it may not fully capture the rich and diverse range of experiences and interpretations of higher consciousness.

​Shervan K Shahhian

A look into: The scholarly Journal of Near-Death Studies:

The Journal of Near-Death Studies is a scholarly publication that focuses on research related to near-death experiences (NDEs). It is dedicated to exploring various aspects of NDEs, including the phenomenology, aftereffects, psychological and physiological aspects, cultural and religious interpretations, and more. The journal provides a platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to share their studies and findings in this field.

Some key points about the Journal of Near-Death Studies include:

1. Interdisciplinary Focus: The journal encourages contributions from various disciplines, including psychology, medicine, neuroscience, philosophy, theology, and sociology. This interdisciplinary approach helps to provide a comprehensive understanding of NDEs.
2. Peer-Reviewed: Like many scholarly journals, the Journal of Near-Death Studies employs a peer-review process. This means that submitted articles are reviewed by experts in the field to ensure the quality and credibility of the research.
3. Diverse Perspectives: The journal publishes articles that present a wide range of perspectives on near-death experiences, including scientific, spiritual, and philosophical viewpoints.
4. Empirical Research: While the journal explores spiritual and metaphysical aspects of NDEs, it also emphasizes empirical research. This means that it values studies and data that can be measured and analyzed scientifically.
5. Historical and Cultural Context: In addition to contemporary research, the Journal of Near-Death Studies often includes articles that examine the historical and cultural aspects of NDEs. This helps to provide a broader context for understanding these experiences.
6. Professional Organization: The International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS) is closely associated with the Journal of Near-Death Studies. IANDS is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the study of NDEs and related phenomena. It publishes the journal and also organizes conferences and provides resources for researchers and experiencers.

It’s important to note that the specific focus and content of the journal may evolve over time as new research emerges and the field of near-death studies continues to develop. If you are interested in accessing articles from the Journal of Near-Death Studies, you may be able to find them through academic libraries, online databases, or by subscribing to the journal directly through IANDS.

Shervan K Shahhian

An open minded look into: (NDE’s) Near-Death Experiences: An open-minded look into Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) involves examining this intriguing phenomenon without preconceived biases and considering various perspectives, including scientific, psychological, and spiritual viewpoints. NDEs are deeply personal and often profound experiences reported by individuals who have come close to death, typically involving a sense of leaving the physical body, encountering a tunnel or bright light, meeting deceased loved ones, and experiencing feelings of peace and transcendence. Here are some key aspects to consider when exploring NDEs with an open mind:

1. Scientific and Medical Explanations: While some aspects of NDEs can be understood through physiological and neurological processes, such as oxygen deprivation or the release of endorphins and other chemicals during stress, these explanations do not account for all aspects of NDEs. Open-minded inquiry acknowledges the importance of scientific research in understanding the brain’s role in NDEs while remaining open to the possibility that there may be more to the phenomenon than currently understood.
2. Subjective Experience: NDEs are intensely personal and subjective experiences. It’s essential to respect the narratives of those who have had NDEs and acknowledge that their accounts can vary widely. Open-mindedness means accepting that people’s experiences are genuine and meaningful to them, even if they don’t fit neatly into existing scientific frameworks.
3. Psychological Interpretations: Psychologists have offered various interpretations of NDEs, including as a form of coping mechanism, a response to trauma, or a product of the brain’s attempt to make sense of a near-death situation. Open-minded exploration allows for the consideration of these psychological explanations alongside other possibilities.
4. Spiritual and Transcendent Aspects: Many individuals describe NDEs as profoundly spiritual and transformative experiences. An open-minded approach respects the spiritual dimension of NDEs and considers them as potentially providing insights into the nature of consciousness, the afterlife, or the interconnectedness of all living beings.
5. Cultural Variations: NDEs can vary across cultures and belief systems. An open-minded perspective recognizes that cultural, religious, and personal beliefs can shape the interpretation and description of NDEs. It is essential to approach these experiences with cultural sensitivity.
6. Ongoing Research: NDE research is an evolving field, with ongoing scientific studies and investigations. Open-minded individuals stay informed about the latest research findings and are willing to revise their views based on new evidence.
7. Debunking vs. Understanding: An open-minded approach distinguishes between debunking NDEs and seeking to understand them. While skepticism is a healthy part of scientific inquiry, an open-minded stance focuses on investigating the phenomenon rather than dismissing it outright.
8. Ethical Considerations: NDEs often have a profound impact on individuals’ lives. Ethical considerations involve respecting the privacy and well-being of those who share their NDE experiences and ensuring that research and discussions are conducted with sensitivity and empathy.

In summary, an open-minded look into Near-Death Experiences involves a balanced and respectful exploration of this phenomenon from various angles, including scientific, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. It recognizes that NDEs are complex and multifaceted experiences that may hold valuable insights into the mysteries of human consciousness and the nature of existence.

Shervan K Shahhian

A look into: Counseling implications of near-death and related experiences:

Counseling implications of near-death experiences (NDEs) and related experiences are important to consider as they can have a profound impact on individuals’ lives. NDEs typically involve a person coming close to death or experiencing clinical death and subsequently reporting a range of extraordinary experiences, such as out-of-body experiences, encountering deceased loved ones, a sense of peace and well-being, and sometimes a life review. Here are some counseling implications and considerations related to NDEs and related experiences:

1. Validation and Normalization:
   • Counselors should validate the individual’s experience and acknowledge that NDEs are not uncommon. Many people have reported similar experiences, and there is a growing body of research on this topic. Normalizing the experience can help reduce any feelings of isolation or “weirdness.”
2. Individualized Approach:
   • Recognize that NDEs are highly subjective and can vary greatly from person to person. Take an individualized approach to counseling, considering the unique circumstances and emotions of each person who has had an NDE.
3. Psychological Impact:
   • NDEs can be emotionally and psychologically intense experiences. Individuals may experience a wide range of emotions, including fear, confusion, awe, or even a sense of purpose. Counselors should be prepared to address the psychological impact and help individuals process these emotions.
4. Existential and Spiritual Exploration:
   • NDEs often raise profound existential and spiritual questions. Individuals may question the nature of life, death, and the afterlife. Counselors can facilitate discussions and explorations of these existential and spiritual concerns, helping individuals find meaning and purpose in their experiences.
5. Coping with Changes:
   • Some individuals may undergo significant personality or worldview changes after an NDE. Counselors can assist clients in adapting to these changes and finding ways to integrate their NDE into their lives in a healthy and constructive manner.
6. Post-Traumatic Stress:
   • While NDEs can be positive and transformative for many, some individuals may experience distressing or traumatic aspects of their NDE. Counselors should be prepared to address any symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that may arise as a result of these distressing elements.
7. Family and Social Support:
   • It’s important to involve family members and support networks in the counseling process, especially if the NDE has had a significant impact on relationships or family dynamics.
8. Cultural and Religious Considerations:
   • Cultural and religious beliefs can strongly influence how individuals interpret and integrate their NDEs. Counselors should be sensitive to these factors and consider their role in the individual’s experience.
9. Referrals:
   • In some cases, individuals who have had NDEs may benefit from specialized care from professionals experienced in dealing with spiritual or transcendent experiences. Counselors should be prepared to make appropriate referrals when necessary.
10. Ethical Considerations:
    • Respect individuals’ autonomy and choices in how they interpret and integrate their NDEs. Avoid imposing your own beliefs or interpretations onto the client.

Overall, counselors should approach NDEs and related experiences with empathy, open-mindedness, and a willingness to explore the profound implications they may have for an individual’s mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. The goal is to support individuals in making sense of their experiences and finding ways to thrive in their lives after such transformative events.

Shervan K Shahhian

Research on After Death Communication:

After Death Communication (ADC) is a topic that has been explored in various fields, including psychology, parapsychology, and spirituality. ADC refers to reported experiences where individuals claim to have had contact or communication with deceased loved ones or entities. These experiences can take many forms, such as dreams, visions, auditory messages, or even physical sensations.

Here are some key points and areas of research related to After Death Communication:

Types of ADCs: Researchers have categorized ADCs into various types, including visual experiences (seeing the deceased), auditory experiences (hearing the deceased’s voice), tactile experiences (feeling a touch or presence), and symbolic experiences (encountering meaningful signs or symbols associated with the deceased).

Psychological Perspective: Some psychologists and psychiatrists have studied ADCs as a coping mechanism for grief and loss. They suggest that these experiences may help individuals process their grief and find comfort in the belief that their loved ones continue to exist in some form.

Parapsychological Perspective: Parapsychologists have investigated ADCs as potential evidence for the survival of consciousness after death. They have conducted surveys and case studies to collect and analyze accounts of ADCs to determine whether they provide credible evidence for an afterlife.

Neuroscientific Perspective: There have been limited neuroscientific studies on ADCs. Some researchers have examined the brain activity of individuals who report ADCs to better understand the neural mechanisms behind these experiences. However, this area of research is still in its infancy.

Cultural and Societal Factors: ADCs are often influenced by cultural and societal beliefs about death and the afterlife. Researchers have explored how cultural and religious factors can shape the content and interpretation of ADCs.

Therapeutic Applications: Some therapists and counselors incorporate ADC experiences into grief counseling and therapy, helping clients find meaning and healing through these encounters.

Skepticism and Debunking: Skeptics argue that ADCs can often be explained by natural psychological and cognitive processes, such as wishful thinking, hallucinations, or the brain’s tendency to find patterns in random events. They contend that there is no empirical evidence to support the existence of an afterlife based on ADCs.

Anomalous Experiences: ADCs can be considered part of a broader category of anomalous experiences that include near-death experiences (NDEs), out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and other paranormal encounters. Researchers sometimes examine these experiences collectively to better understand their underlying mechanisms.

It’s important to note that the study of After Death Communication is a complex and controversial area of research. While some individuals find comfort and meaning in these experiences, others remain skeptical and view them as subjective and non-scientific. There is ongoing research and debate in these various fields regarding the nature and significance of ADCs. To stay updated on the latest developments in this area, you may want to consult recent sources and academic literature.
​Shervan K Shahhian