Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

Doctored Degree in Clinical Psychology (PSYD) (ABD) All But Dissertation, a Masters (M.A.) in Clinical Psychology, a Bachelor's Degree (B.A.) in Psychology, a Associate Degree (AA) in Liberal Arts with an emphases in Psychology, Certification in Anger Management, Certification in MRT-Moral Reconation Therapy®, Certification in Clinical Hypnotherapy, and Certification in Advanced Hypnotherapy.

Understanding Reticular Activating System:

Understanding Reticular activating system:

The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is a complex network of nuclei and pathways in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal, attention, and consciousness. It is involved in filtering and processing sensory information, helping to determine what information is relayed to higher brain regions for further processing.

Key functions of the Reticular Activating System include:

Arousal and Alertness: The RAS is responsible for maintaining a state of wakefulness and alertness. It receives input from various sensory systems and helps prioritize and amplify relevant stimuli, promoting an awake and attentive state.

Attention and Focus: The RAS filters incoming sensory information, allowing important stimuli to capture attention while filtering out irrelevant information. This process helps in directing attention to stimuli that are deemed significant or potentially threatening.

Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness: The RAS is involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. It promotes wakefulness during the day and plays a role in the transitions between different sleep stages during the night.

Integration of Sensory Information: The RAS receives input from various sensory systems, including visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs. It integrates and processes this information to contribute to a coherent perception of the environment.

Modulation of Motor Functions: The RAS influences motor functions by regulating muscle tone and activity levels. It contributes to the coordination of movements and motor responses.

The Reticular Activating System is not a single, isolated structure but rather a network of nuclei and pathways that extend throughout the brainstem. It connects to various higher brain regions, including the thalamus and cortex, allowing it to influence higher cognitive functions.

Understanding the Reticular Activating System is crucial in the fields of neuroscience and psychology, as it provides insights into the mechanisms underlying attention, consciousness, and overall cognitive functioning. Dysregulation of the RAS can be associated with conditions such as sleep disorders, attention disorders, and alterations in arousal states.

Shervan K Shahhian

The harmfulness of Constant Hypervigilance:

The harmfulness of Constant Hypervigilance:

Constant hypervigilance can be harmful to both mental and physical well-being. Hypervigilance is a state of heightened awareness, often accompanied by anxiety and an intense focus on potential threats. While it can be a natural response in certain situations, such as those involving trauma or high-stress environments, persistent hypervigilance can have negative consequences. Here are some potential harmful effects:

Chronic Stress: Hypervigilance is associated with an ongoing state of stress. The continuous activation of the body’s stress response system can lead to elevated levels of cortisol, contributing to chronic stress. Prolonged stress is linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular problems, immune system suppression, and digestive disorders.

Mental Health Issues: Persistent hypervigilance is often connected to anxiety disorders. It can exacerbate symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety-related conditions. This heightened state of alertness can lead to sleep disturbances, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

Physical Health: Chronic hypervigilance may contribute to physical health problems, including headaches, muscle tension, and fatigue. The constant activation of the body’s fight-or-flight response can negatively impact various bodily systems over time.

Social and Relationship Challenges: Individuals experiencing constant hypervigilance may find it challenging to relax and engage in social interactions. They might become overly sensitive to perceived threats, leading to strained relationships and difficulty forming connections with others.

Impaired Decision-Making: Hypervigilance can narrow focus and lead to an overestimation of threats. This can impair decision-making abilities, as individuals may be more likely to perceive neutral or non-threatening situations as dangerous.

Impact on Quality of Life: The constant need to be on high alert can diminish overall life satisfaction and enjoyment. It may limit a person’s ability to engage in activities, pursue goals, and experience joy and relaxation.

It’s important for individuals experiencing chronic hypervigilance to seek support from mental health professionals. Therapy, mindfulness techniques, and stress management strategies can be helpful in addressing the underlying causes and managing the symptoms associated with hypervigilance. Additionally, adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and a balanced diet can contribute to overall well-being.

Shervan K Shahhian

Hypervigilance, what is it:

Hypervigilance, what is it:

Hypervigilance is a heightened state of awareness and alertness, often characterized by an intense focus on one’s surroundings and a constant scanning for potential threats or dangers. It is a term commonly used in psychology and mental health contexts.

Individuals experiencing hypervigilance may be overly sensitive to stimuli, both internal and external, and may react quickly to perceived threats. This heightened state of alertness can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and exhaustion, as the individual’s nervous system is on high alert for extended periods.

Hypervigilance is often associated with conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, and certain other mental health issues. It can result from past traumatic experiences, where the individual learned to be excessively vigilant as a coping mechanism to protect themselves from potential harm. It can interfere with daily functioning and impact overall well-being, so addressing the underlying causes and seeking appropriate mental health support are important steps in managing hypervigilance.

Shervan K Shahhian

Mental Decomposition, a great explanation:

Mental Decomposition, a great explanation:

It seems like there might be a bit of confusion or a mix-up in terms. “Mental decomposition” is not a recognized psychological or scientific term. However, if you are referring to the concept of breaking down or analyzing mental processes, thoughts, or emotions, I can provide some information on that.

The breakdown and analysis of mental processes are common in psychology and cognitive science. Psychologists often aim to understand the components of various mental functions to gain insights into behavior, cognition, and emotions. Here’s a more general explanation of breaking down mental processes:

Cognitive Decomposition: This involves breaking down complex cognitive processes into smaller, more manageable components. For example, understanding problem-solving might involve examining individual steps like problem recognition, generating solutions, and evaluating outcomes.

Emotional Decomposition: When dealing with emotions, researchers may decompose them into different components, such as physiological responses, cognitive appraisals, and expressive behaviors. This can help in understanding the nuanced nature of emotional experiences.

Analytical Thinking: Mental decomposition can also be related to analytical thinking, where individuals break down complex issues or challenges into smaller, more understandable parts to facilitate problem-solving.

Behavioral Analysis: In behavioral psychology, breaking down behavior into antecedents, behaviors, and consequences is a common approach. This helps in understanding the factors influencing behavior and the outcomes that follow.

It’s essential to note that while breaking down mental processes is valuable for research and understanding, the holistic perspective is often necessary. Mental processes are interconnected, and considering the whole picture is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of human cognition and behavior. If you have a specific context or concept in mind, please provide more details for a more targeted explanation.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding Severe Agitation:

Understanding Severe Agitation:

Severe agitation refers to a state of extreme restlessness, nervousness, or excitement that can be accompanied by intense physical and emotional discomfort. It is a symptom rather than a specific condition and can be associated with various underlying causes. Understanding severe agitation involves considering both the physical and psychological aspects of the experience.

Causes:

Medical Conditions (Seek professional medical advice, please): Agitation can be a symptom of various medical conditions, including neurological disorders, infections, metabolic imbalances, or drug reactions.
Psychiatric Disorders: Mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or severe anxiety can lead to episodes of severe agitation.
Substance Abuse: Intoxication or withdrawal from drugs or alcohol can contribute to extreme restlessness and agitation.
Trauma or Stress: Severe emotional distress or traumatic experiences may trigger intense agitation.

Symptoms:

Physical Signs: Restlessness, pacing, inability to sit still, rapid heartbeat, increased breathing rate, muscle tension, and sweating are common physical manifestations.
Emotional Signs: Agitation is often accompanied by heightened emotions such as anxiety, anger, or frustration. It may also involve a sense of urgency or panic.

Risk and Impact:

Safety Concerns: Severe agitation can pose a risk to the individual and those around them due to impulsive or unpredictable behaviors.
Impact on Daily Functioning: The condition can significantly interfere with daily activities, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Management and Treatment:

Medical Evaluation (Seek professional medical advice, please): Identifying and addressing the underlying cause is crucial. A thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation may be necessary.
Medication (Seek professional medical advice, please): In some cases, medications such as antipsychotics, sedatives, or mood stabilizers may be prescribed to manage severe agitation.
Therapeutic Approaches: Psychotherapy, counseling, or behavioral interventions may be beneficial, especially when agitation is related to mental health conditions or trauma.

Emergency Situations:

If the agitation poses an immediate risk to the person or others, emergency intervention may be required.
Hospitalization (Seek professional medical advice, please): In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and stabilization.

It’s essential to seek professional medical advice if someone is experiencing severe agitation, as the appropriate approach will depend on the underlying cause. Early intervention can help prevent complications and improve the individual’s well-being.

Shervan K Shahhian

The difference between Delirium and Hyperactivity:

The difference between Delirium and Hyperactivity:

Delirium and hyperactivity are distinct concepts related to mental and cognitive functioning, but they refer to different phenomena.

Delirium:

Definition: Delirium is a state of acute confusion and rapidly changing mental function. It is often characterized by disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition.
Causes: Delirium is typically caused by an underlying medical condition, medication side effects, substance intoxication or withdrawal, or a combination of these factors. It can be triggered by infections, metabolic imbalances, trauma, or other medical emergencies.
Symptoms: Individuals experiencing delirium may exhibit confusion, disorientation, impaired memory, altered perception of reality, and fluctuating levels of consciousness. Delirium can be a medical emergency and requires prompt evaluation and intervention.

Hyperactivity:

Definition: Hyperactivity refers to a state of excessive and uncontrolled activity or movement. It is often associated with conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it can also occur due to other factors.
Causes: Hyperactivity may be a symptom of various conditions, including ADHD, certain neurological disorders, or psychological factors. It can also be a normal behavior in some situations, such as during childhood play or excitement.
Symptoms: Hyperactivity involves increased motor activity, restlessness, impulsivity, and difficulty sustaining attention on tasks. It is a behavioral aspect and can be more persistent in certain conditions like ADHD.

In summary, delirium is a state of acute confusion and cognitive disturbance often caused by underlying medical issues, while hyperactivity is characterized by excessive and uncontrolled motor activity and may be associated with conditions like ADHD. Delirium is more focused on cognitive dysfunction, while hyperactivity is primarily a behavioral aspect.

Shervan K Shahhian

Neurocognitive Disorder, what is it:

Neurocognitive Disorder, what is it:

CONSULT a MEDICAL DOCTOR for Diagnosis and Treatment

Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD) refers to a range of conditions that cause a decline in cognitive functioning, affecting abilities such as memory, reasoning, language, and attention. Unlike normal age-related cognitive decline, neurocognitive disorders are more severe and interfere with a person’s ability to carry out everyday activities. These disorders are usually caused by damage or disease affecting the brain.

CONSULT a MEDICAL DOCTOR to fully understand the Types of Neurocognitive Disorders:

The most common forms of neurocognitive disorders include:

Alzheimer’s Disease: A progressive disorder leading to memory loss, confusion, and cognitive decline. It is the most common cause of dementia.

Vascular Dementia: Cognitive impairment caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often following a stroke.

Lewy Body Dementia: Characterized by abnormal protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in the brain, leading to fluctuating cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and motor symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease.

Frontotemporal Dementia: Involves degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Cognitive impairments due to injury to the brain, often from accidents, falls, or sports injuries.

Parkinson’s Disease: While primarily a movement disorder, Parkinson’s can lead to cognitive decline in later stages, often presenting as dementia.

Huntington’s Disease: A genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain, affecting movement, cognition, and mental health.

Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder: Cognitive impairment due to the effects of alcohol, drugs, or exposure to toxins.

Symptoms of Neurocognitive Disorders:

Memory loss or confusion
Difficulty in reasoning and problem-solving
Trouble understanding language or speaking
Impaired judgment
Changes in behavior and personality
Difficulty with planning or decision-making
Poor coordination or motor function (in some cases)

CONSULT a MEDICAL DOCTOR to investigate the possible Causes:

Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s)
Strokes or vascular issues
Traumatic brain injuries
Substance abuse
Infections that affect the brain
Genetic factors
Tumors or growths in the brain

CONSULT a MEDICAL DOCTOR for Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosis usually involves a combination of cognitive testing, medical history review, brain imaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans), and sometimes genetic testing. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, cognitive therapies, lifestyle changes, and support to manage symptoms. While some neurocognitive disorders are progressive and incurable (like Alzheimer’s), others, such as those caused by infections or injuries, may be partially reversible.

Early detection and management can often help improve quality of life and slow the progression of some neurocognitive disorders.

Shervan K Shahhian

Psychotic Disorder, what is it:

Psychotic Disorder, what is it:

Psychotic disorder is a category of mental health conditions that involve a disconnection from reality, often characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior. People experiencing a psychotic disorder may have difficulty distinguishing what is real from what is not.

Here are key features of psychotic disorders:

1. Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without external stimuli, such as hearing voices, seeing things that aren’t there, or feeling sensations on the skin without physical cause.
Auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) are the most common in psychotic disorders.

2. Delusions

Strongly held false beliefs that are not based in reality.
Common types of delusions include:
Paranoid delusions (e.g., believing that one is being persecuted or conspired against).
Grandiose delusions (e.g., believing one has extraordinary abilities, wealth, or fame).

3. Disorganized Thinking

Thought processes may be fragmented, incoherent, or tangential. Speech may become illogical or nonsensical.

4. Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior

This can range from agitation or catatonia (a lack of movement or responsiveness), to unpredictable or inappropriate actions.

5. Negative Symptoms

These refer to reduced or absent emotional expression, motivation, or the ability to experience pleasure. A person may seem emotionally flat, avoid social interactions, or have difficulty completing everyday tasks.

Types of Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia: A chronic and severe psychotic disorder involving a combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms.
Schizoaffective Disorder: Features symptoms of schizophrenia along with mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania.
Brief Psychotic Disorder: A short-term condition where a person experiences a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, often triggered by stress, but the symptoms resolve within a month.
Delusional Disorder: Involves persistent delusions without the other symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder: Psychotic symptoms caused by the use or withdrawal from drugs or alcohol.

Possible Causes

Psychotic disorders may be triggered by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychosocial factors.
Brain chemistry and structural abnormalities, especially involving neurotransmitters like dopamine, may also play a role.

Treatment

Consult a Medical Doctor for Antipsychotic medications: These help reduce or manage symptoms, especially hallucinations and delusions.
Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and supportive counseling help individuals manage symptoms and cope with their condition.
Hospitalization: In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to ensure safety and stabilize symptoms.

Shervan K Shahhian

The treatment of Delirium, a great explanation:

The treatment of Delirium, a great explanation:

(CONSULT a QUALIFIED MEDICAL DOCTOR, FOR UP TO DATE INFORMATION and TREATMENT.)

Delirium is a medical condition characterized by a sudden onset of confusion, altered consciousness, and difficulty focusing attention. It often occurs in older adults or individuals with underlying medical conditions. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, medication side effects, metabolic imbalances, and other medical issues.

The treatment of delirium involves addressing the underlying causes and providing supportive care. Here’s a comprehensive explanation:

Identify and Treat Underlying Causes:

Medical Evaluation: A thorough medical assessment is crucial to identify the root cause of delirium. This may involve blood tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic measures.
Infections: If an infection is present, such as a urinary tract infection or pneumonia, appropriate antibiotics or antiviral medications are prescribed.
Medication Review: Discontinuing or adjusting medications that may contribute to delirium is essential. This includes sedatives, anticholinergic drugs, and medications with psychoactive effects.

Supportive Care:

Environmental Modifications: Create a calm and familiar environment to reduce confusion. Minimize noise, ensure proper lighting, and provide familiar objects from the patient’s home.
Reorientation: Consistently orient the patient to their surroundings, time, and people. Regularly remind them of essential information to enhance their understanding.
Assistance with Basic Needs: Ensure the patient’s basic needs are met, including hydration, nutrition, and sleep. Addressing these factors can contribute to overall improvement.

Pharmacological Interventions:

(CONSULT a QUALIFIED MEDICAL DOCTOR, FOR UP TO DATE INFORMATION and TREATMENT.)

Psychotropic Medications: In some cases, especially when agitation or severe behavioral disturbances are present, certain medications may be considered by Qualified Medical Doctors.

Multidisciplinary Approach:

Collaboration among Healthcare Professionals: Delirium management often involves a team approach, including physicians, nurses, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals working together to address the patient’s specific needs.

Family and Caregiver Involvement:

Education: Providing education to family members and caregivers about delirium helps them understand the condition and actively participate in the patient’s care.
Emotional Support: Emotional support and reassurance can be valuable for both the patient and their caregivers.

It’s important to note that prompt identification and intervention are crucial for a better prognosis in cases of delirium. Additionally, (CONSULT a QUALIFIED MEDICAL DOCTOR, FOR UP TO DATE INFORMATION and TREATMENT.) preventive measures, such as minimizing the use of sedative medications in vulnerable populations, can help reduce the risk of delirium. Always consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice based on the individual’s specific situation.

Shervan K Shahhian

Hyperactive Delirium, what does that mean:

Hyperactive Delirium, what does that mean:

Medical professionals, such as doctors or nurses, often play a key role in assessing and managing delirium in a healthcare setting.

“Hyperactive delirium” refers to a state of acute confusion and disturbance in cognitive function, accompanied by heightened agitation, restlessness, and hyperactivity. Delirium is a medical condition characterized by a sudden and severe onset of confusion and changes in attention, perception, and awareness. It is often temporary and reversible, with underlying causes ranging from medical conditions to medication side effects.

In hyperactive delirium, individuals may exhibit increased motor activity, restlessness, irritability, and may have difficulty staying focused or coherent. They may experience hallucinations, paranoia, and have an elevated level of arousal. It is important to note that delirium can also manifest in hypoactive or mixed forms, where individuals may appear lethargic or have a combination of hyperactive and hypoactive features.

Common causes of delirium include infections, metabolic imbalances, medication side effects, and underlying medical conditions. Prompt identification and addressing the underlying cause are crucial for managing hyperactive delirium. Medical professionals, such as doctors or nurses, often play a key role in assessing and managing delirium in a healthcare setting.

Shervan K Shahhian