mental-health – LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Pattern Recognition are the ability to notice meaningful relationships, repetitions, structures, or connections:

Pattern Recognition are the ability to notice meaningful relationships, repetitions, structures, or connections among information and use them to understand what are happening or predict what may happen next.

It could be one of the mind’s fundamental sensemaking abilities.

Examples

Social: Recognizing that someone repeatedly becomes defensive when receiving criticism.
Emotional: Noticing that anxiety tends to increase after particular situations.
Clinical: Recognizing a recurring cluster of symptoms that may suggest a particular psychological condition.
Behavioral: Seeing a repeated cycle of conflict…withdrawal…reconciliation…conflict.
Financial: Identifying recurring patterns in a company’s revenue, debt, or stock behavior.
Learning: Recognizing the underlying rule behind several examples rather than memorizing each example.
Parapsychology: Noticing recurring features across reports of unusual or anomalous experiences while distinguishing a recurring observation from proof of its cause.

Strong pattern recognition involves

Observation: noticing relevant details.
Comparison: identifying similarities and differences.
Categorization: grouping related information.
Association: connecting events that may be related.
Abstraction: seeing the underlying structure rather than individual details.
Prediction: using the pattern to anticipate what comes next.
Verification: checking whether the perceived pattern actually holds up.

Pattern recognition may be both powerful and dangerous

The mind could be extremely good at finding patterns, even when a pattern may not be actually there.

This creates an important distinction:

Pattern recognition asks, “What seems to be repeating?

“Critical thinking asks, “Is the pattern real, meaningful, and causally related?”

For example, seeing that two unusual events occurred close together are pattern detection. Determining whether one caused the other requires additional evidence.

Pattern recognition vs. Intuition

They overlap, but aren’t identical.

Pattern recognition: “I’ve seen this configuration before; these elements tend to occur together.”

Intuition: “Something about this situation feels significant, even though I can’t yet explain why.”

Experienced professionals may develop remarkably sophisticated pattern recognition because they have accumulated many examples. A clinician, for example, may recognize a familiar interpersonal or behavioral pattern very quickly without initially being able to articulate every step of the reasoning.

The major problem: false patterns

Humans may experience:

Apophenia: perceiving meaningful connections among unrelated things.
Confirmation bias: noticing evidence that supports an existing belief while overlooking contradictory evidence.
Availability bias: giving excessive weight to memorable examples.
Clustering illusion: interpreting random clusters as meaningful patterns.
Hindsight bias: believing an outcome was more predictable after it occurred.

Therefore, excellent pattern recognition requires excellent error correction.

A sophisticated pattern recognizer doesn’t merely ask:

“What pattern do I see?”

They also ask:

“What evidence would convince me that I’m wrong?”

That second question is what helps distinguish genuine pattern recognition from pattern seeking.

Shervan K Shahhian

Narcissistic Gang Stalking may not be a formal psychiatric term:

Narcissistic Gang Stalking may not a formal psychiatric. It is a phrase sometimes used to describe a perceived pattern in which a person believes that a narcissistic individual or a group influenced by that person is deliberately coordinating harassment, intimidation, surveillance, social exclusion, or reputation attacks against them.

How the concept may be usually described

A person using this term may describe:

Smear campaigns: spreading damaging stories or accusations about someone.

Triangulation: recruiting other people into an interpersonal conflict.

Flying monkeys: a popular term for people allegedly enlisted to support or enforce the narcissistic person’s agenda.

Social isolation: encouraging friends, relatives, coworkers, or community members to distance themselves.

Intimidation: repeated hostile interactions, threats, or provocative behavior.

Digital harassment: unwanted messages, online impersonation, monitoring, or coordinated social media activity.

Provocation: repeatedly doing things intended to elicit an emotional reaction.

The important distinction

There could be two separate questions that may not be automatically collapsed into one:

1-Is there objectively verifiable harassment or coordinated behavior?

2-Is the interpretation of apparently connected events accurate?

Real coordinated harassment may occur. At the same time, when someone is under prolonged stress, trauma, interpersonal conflict, or hypervigilance, may cause sever psychological and some medical issues: the victim(s) should consult with a medical doctor and a therapist.

A psychologically careful approach may therefore:

Validate the person’s distress without automatically validating an unverified explanation for it.

For example, instead of saying “Yes, the narcissist has organized people to stalk you,” a clinician might say:

“It sounds frightening and exhausting to feel that multiple people may be targeting you. Let’s separate what you directly observed from what you believe those observations mean, and look for independently verifiable evidence.”

Narcissistic abuse vs. “Gang stalking”

There could be useful conceptual distinction:

Narcissistic/interpersonal abuse	Alleged coordinated stalking
Can be objectively documented	May be difficult to independently verify
Often involves identifiable relationships	May involve strangers or loosely connected people
Smearing, manipulation, intimidation, triangulation	Surveillance, following, coordinated harassment
Can occur without a large conspiracy	Requires actual coordination if the claim is literal
Established concepts in psychology	“Gang stalking” is not a recognized psychiatric diagnosis

From a clinical perspective, hypervigilance, trauma responses, confirmation bias, threat perception, and pattern recognition may all influence how ambiguous events are interpreted. That may not mean that every report of harassment is imaginary; it means the evidence needs to be evaluated independently of the interpretation.

If there are concrete threats, stalking behaviors, property damage, or identifiable harassment, the appropriate response is to document specific observable events, preserve evidence, establish safety, and use appropriate legal and law enforcement channels rather than trying to prove a broad theory of coordination by yourself.

Be ready to Legally defend yourself, your family and your property.

Shervan K Shahhian

Parapsychology; Mind to Mind Communication:

Mind to Mind Communication may generally refer to the idea that information may be transmitted from one person’s mind to another without relying on ordinary sensory channels such as speech, writing, gestures, or electronic communication.

It may mean different things depending on the framework:

Ordinary psychological communication

People continuously infer each other’s thoughts and emotions through facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, context, and learned patterns. This may feel almost instantaneous, but it still involves sensory information.

Telepathy

In parapsychology, mind to mind communication may often be used as another way of describing telepathy: the purported transfer of thoughts, images, emotions, or other information between people without known sensory mediation.

Empathic or intuitive communication

Someone may accurately sense another person’s emotional state without consciously knowing how they obtained the information. Psychology may explain many such experiences through unconscious perception, pattern recognition, emotional attunement, and inference. A parapsychological interpretation might consider psi as an alternative hypothesis when ordinary explanations appear insufficient.

Altered states and hypnosis

Hypnosis, meditation, dreaming, ganzfeld procedures, and other altered states may have been investigated in relation to unusual forms of interpersonal information transfer. These areas may particularly be interesting to parapsychology because they may reduce ordinary sensory distractions.

The key distinction

A useful conceptual distinction may be:

Communication…information is exchanged through an identifiable channel. Telepathy…information appears to be exchanged without an identifiable sensory channel.

For example:

Person A thinks intensely about a particular image. Person B, isolated from Person A and unable to obtain the information normally, reports the same or substantially similar image.

That would constitute a telepathy hypothesis, not automatically proof of telepathy. A rigorous investigation would need to exclude coincidence, sensory leakage, prior knowledge, cueing, selective reporting, and other conventional explanations.

In parapsychology

Mind to mind communication may be closely related to the concepts of:

Telepathy…ESP…psi…anomalous information transfer

It may be useful to distinguish telepathy from psychokinesis (PK):

Telepathy: purported mind…mind information transfer

Clairvoyance: purported information about an object/event without ordinary sensory access

Precognition: purported information about a future event

Psychokinesis: purported mind…physical system influence

One of the longstanding questions in parapsychology is whether these phenomena represent different abilities or different manifestations of a more fundamental psi process.

Importantly, mainstream science may not or does not want to established telepathy as a demonstrated mechanism of human communication. Parapsychological research continues to investigate anomalous information transfer, while conventional psychology emphasizes known mechanisms of perception, inference, memory, social cognition, and coincidence.

Shervan K Shahhian

The Art of Adaptation is the ability to adjust, without losing your core values or sense of self:

“Consider Alternative Interpretations and Strategies.Changing your strategy without abandoning your principles.”

The Art of Adaptation is the ability to adjust your thoughts, behaviors, strategies, and expectations when circumstances change, without losing your core values or sense of self.

In mental health, adaptation could be closely related to resilience, cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and problem solving.

Flex Without Breaking Down

A simple formula

Adaptation: accepting reality, learning from it, adjusting your response, continuing forward.

It may not mean simply “going along with everything.” Healthy adaptation involves knowing what to change and what not to change.

Five elements of adaptation

Awareness: Recognize that circumstances have changed.
Acceptance: Stop fighting the reality that may not be changed.
Flexibility: Consider alternative interpretations and strategies.
Action: Change behavior based on what you have learned.
Integration: Incorporate the experience into your future decision making.

Adaptation vs. Rigidity

Rigidity	Adaptation
“This is how it has always been done.”	“What does this situation require now?”
Resists new information	Uses new information
Repeats the same strategy	Changes strategy when necessary
Sees change as a threat	Can see change as information
Protects certainty	Tolerates uncertainty

An important psychological distinction

Adaptation may not be the same as conformity.

A person may adapt while maintaining strong boundaries and principles.

For example:

“I cannot control what happened, but I can control how I respond to what happened.”

That is adaptive thinking.

But:

“I must change myself to keep everyone else happy.”

May represent people pleasing, fear, or loss of identity, rather than healthy adaptation.

Adaptation under stress

Under significant stress, the mind may become less flexible. A person may enter a survival-oriented mode characterized by hypervigilance, avoidance, emotional shutdown, impulsivity, or rigid thinking.

Effective adaptation therefore involves learning to ask:

“Is my current response helping me deal with the situation, or is it a response I learned in an earlier situation that no longer fits?”

The deeper principle

The strongest adaptation may not be changing who you are whenever circumstances change.

It is:

Changing your strategy without abandoning your principles.

That is why adaptation may be closely connected to resilience and psychological flexibility: bend without breaking, learn without losing yourself, and change without becoming ungrounded.

Shervan K Shahhian

Chauffeur Psychology may be a useful metaphor for a psychological pattern:

Chauffeur Psychology may be a useful metaphor for a psychological pattern in which a person controls, directs, or carries another person through life rather than helping that person develop their own capacity to navigate independently.

It may be understood in several ways:

1. The “chauffeur” as a psychological role

A person may repeatedly:

Make decisions for others
Solve problems before the other person tries
Give constant advice or direction
Protect someone from consequences
Take responsibility for another person’s emotions
Become indispensable to the other person’s functioning

The underlying message may become: “I know what is best for you, so let me drive.”

2. The psychological payoff

Chauffeur behavior may not be necessarily malicious. It may satisfy important psychological needs, such as:

Control: “If I’m driving, I can prevent things from going wrong.”
Significance: “People need me.”
Identity: “I’m the helper/rescuer.”
Anxiety reduction: “If I take over, I don’t have to tolerate uncertainty.”
Avoidance: Focusing on someone else’s problems can distract from one’s own.
Self-esteem: Being needed can temporarily reinforce a person’s sense of worth.

3. The danger may be: learned dependence

If the chauffeur continually takes over, the passenger may gradually become less confident in their own ability.

This may produce a cycle:

Anxiety…chauffeur takes over…passenger avoids responsibility…passenger becomes less confident… chauffeur becomes even more necessary.

This overlaps with concepts such as codependency, enabling, Overfunctioning/underfunctioning, rescuing, and learned helplessness, although those concepts may not be identical.

4. Healthy alternative: “teach rather than drive”

A psychologically healthier approach may be:

“I can support you without taking over your life.”

Instead of saying:

“I’ll handle it.”

The helper might say:

“What do you think your options are?”

or:

“Would you like advice, or would you rather I just listen?”

That preserves autonomy, agency, and competence.

A particularly interesting distinction

There may be a major difference between being a chauffeur and being a navigator.

Chauffeur: “I’ll take you where you need to go.”

Navigator: “I’ll help you understand the map, but you’re still driving.”

In psychotherapy, the second model may be more consistent with empowerment and client autonomy. The therapist provides expertise, structure, and guidance without unnecessarily assuming control over the client’s decisions.

In one sentence: Chauffeur psychology describes the tendency to manage another person’s journey instead of helping them develop the confidence and skills to drive their own life.

Shervan K Shahhian

Compulsive Shopping, loss of control and the function shopping serves:

Compulsive Shopping, also called compulsive buying or buying shopping disorder, is a pattern of repetitive, difficult to control purchasing in which a person continues to shop despite negative emotional, financial, relational, or occupational consequences.

It is less about how much someone buys and more about loss of control and the function shopping serves.

Common cycle

Emotional trigger…urge...shopping…temporary relief/excitement…regret…distress…renewed urge

For example:

Anxiety, loneliness, boredom, anger, or low self-esteem…intense desire to shop…purchase…temporary mood improvement…guilt or financial stress…another emotional trigger.

Common characteristics

Preoccupation with shopping or purchasing
Strong urges that feel difficult to resist
Buying things that aren’t needed
Shopping to regulate emotions
Spending more money or time than intended
Hiding purchases or financial activity
Repeated unsuccessful attempts to stop or reduce shopping
Financial problems, debt, or relationship conflict
Buyer’s remorse after the purchase
Feeling temporarily better immediately after buying

Compulsive shopping vs. Normal shopping

Normal shopping	Compulsive shopping
Usually intentional	Often driven by an urge
Purchases serve a purpose	Purchases may serve an emotional function
Can postpone buying	Difficulty resisting
Little distress afterward	Guilt, shame, regret, or anxiety
Spending generally remains manageable	Can cause financial or relational harm
Behavior is flexible	Behavior becomes repetitive and difficult to control

What may drive it?

Psychologically, shopping may become a form of emotion regulation. A person may unconsciously learn:

“When I feel bad, buying something makes me feel better.”

The anticipation of purchasing may itself produce excitement and reward. Over time, the mind may develop a strong cue…craving…purchase…relief/reward pattern.

Common triggers include:

Anxiety
Depression
Loneliness
Stress
Low self-esteem
Boredom
Trauma related distress
Interpersonal conflict
Feelings of inadequacy or lack of control

Is it an addiction?

There is debate about terminology. Researchers have proposed conceptualizing it may be a behavioral addiction, an impulse control problem, or an obsessive compulsive spectrum condition.

Importantly, compulsive shopping may also occur alongside other conditions, particularly mood disorders, anxiety disorders, ADHD, OCD spectrum problems, and bipolar spectrum disorders. Excessive spending during a manic or hypomanic episode, for example, it may have a different clinical meaning than chronic compulsive buying.

Treatment

Treatment may generally focuses on:

Identifying triggers and maintaining cycles
CBT to modify thoughts and behaviors surrounding purchasing
Developing alternative emotion regulation strategies
Delaying or interrupting urges
Reducing exposure to shopping triggers
Creating financial safeguards and spending limits
Addressing underlying depression, anxiety, trauma, loneliness, etc.
Treating co-occurring disorders when present

A useful clinical question may be:

“What emotional state are you trying to change when you feel the urge to buy something?”

Shervan K Shahhian

Irrational Thinking; interpretations are not adequately supported by available sound reasoning:

Irrational Thinking is a pattern of thinking in which conclusions, beliefs, or interpretations are not adequately supported by available evidence or sound reasoning. It may feel completely convincing to the person experiencing it because emotions, assumptions, biases, or previous experiences may strongly influence how information is interpreted.

Common forms of irrational thinking

Pattern Example

All-or-nothing thinking “If I fail once, I’m a complete failure.”

Catastrophizing “If this goes wrong, my life will be ruined.”

Mind reading “I know they’re judging me.”

Fortune telling “I already know this will end badly.”

Emotional reasoning “I feel unsafe, therefore I must be in danger.”

Overgeneralization “Everyone eventually betrays you.”

Personalization “They seem unhappy, so I must have done something wrong.”

Confirmation bias Looking mainly for evidence that supports what you already belive Magical thinking Believing that thoughts, rituals, or unrelated events directly cause outcomes without evidence of a causal connection.
False certainty Treating an assumption as an established fact.

Irrational thinking may not be necessarily “crazy”

Everyone engages in irrational thinking sometimes. Stress, anxiety, fear, anger, grief, trauma, sleep deprivation, and strong emotional states may make reasoning less flexible.

A useful distinction may be:

Thought…Interpretation…Belief…Action

For example:

“My friend hasn’t responded.”

“Something must be wrong.”

“They’re angry with me.”

“I should confront them.”

The initial fact is observable. The subsequent conclusions may or may not be accurate.

Rational thinking may ask different questions

Instead of asking:

“How do I feel about this?”

Rational thinking adds:

What do I actually know?

What am I assuming?

What evidence supports my interpretation?

What evidence contradicts it?

Are there alternative explanations?

Am I confusing possibility with probability?

What would change my mind?

Am I reacting to the present situation or to something from my past?

An important clinical distinction

Irrational thinking exists on a continuum. Ordinary cognitive distortions are different from severely impaired reality testing.

For example:

Cognitive distortion: “My boss didn’t smile at me, so maybe she’s upset with me.”

versus

Fixed false belief: “My boss is secretly transmitting messages into my mind through the office lights.”

The second example raises a substantially different clinical question because the belief involves reality testing, evidence evaluation, and potentially delusional conviction.

A useful principle is:

A thought may feel true without being factually true.

That distinction between subjective certainty and objective evidence is central to rational thinking, critical thinking, and psychological reality testing.

Shervan K Shahhian

The Illogical Mind; the Reasoning Contains a Flaw:

The Illogical Mind could be a way of describing thinking that reaches conclusions that may not follow reliably from the available evidence or reasoning. It may not mean a person is unintelligent. Some may think illogically under stress, fear, strong emotion, social pressure, or uncertainty.

Common forms of illogical thinking

Pattern	What happens	Example
Emotional reasoning	Feelings are treated as facts	“I feel unsafe, therefore I am unsafe.”
Confirmation bias	Evidence supporting a belief is noticed more than contradictory evidence	“I knew this would happen; look at this one example.”
Black and white thinking	Complex situations become two extremes	“Either I’m successful or I’m a failure.”
Catastrophizing	A possible negative outcome becomes an assumed disaster	“If I make this mistake, everything will be ruined.”
Overgeneralization	One event becomes a broad rule	“They rejected me, so nobody likes me.”
Mind reading	Another person’s thoughts are assumed without evidence	“She didn’t say hello because she dislikes me.”
Post hoc reasoning	Sequence is mistaken for causation	“I thought about the storm, and then it happened, so my thought caused it.”
Magical thinking	Thoughts, rituals, or symbols are treated as directly influencing external events without adequate evidence	“If I don’t perform this ritual, something bad will happen.”
Appeal to authority	A claim is accepted primarily because an authority says it	“It must be true because an expert said it.”
Self-deception	Information threatening one’s preferred belief is avoided or distorted	“I don’t have a problem; everyone else is overreacting.”

Illogical may not necessarily mean irrational

There could be an important distinction:

Illogical thinking: the reasoning contains a flaw.

Irrational thinking: the belief or behavior is poorly supported by evidence, disproportionately driven by emotion, or inconsistent with the person’s goals.

A person may have an understandable reason for an irrational conclusion. For example:

“I’ve been betrayed several times, so I assume everyone will eventually betray me.”

The conclusion may be understandable given the person’s history, but the evidence doesn’t necessarily justify applying it to everyone.

The logical mind vs. the illogical mind

A useful conceptual distinction is:

Logical mind:

“What evidence supports this? What evidence contradicts it? Are there alternative explanations?”

Illogical mind:

“It feels true, therefore it must be true.”

The goal may not be to eliminate emotion. A psychologically healthy person may use emotion as information while using reason and evidence to evaluate what the emotion means.

A powerful question

When you notice an intense belief, ask:

“What do I know, what do I believe, what do I feel, and what am I assuming?”

That separates reality, interpretation, emotion, and inference, one of the foundations of good critical thinking.

Shervan K Shahhian

Eating Disorder; Restriction, Bingeing, Compensatory Behaviors, and Distress:

Eating frequency may look very different across eating disorders. Importantly, frequency alone may not diagnose an eating disorder? The pattern of restriction, bingeing, compensatory behaviors, distress, and nutritional/medical consequences matters.

Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor

Eating disorder	Typical eating frequency pattern	What may happen between eating episodes
Anorexia nervosa (AN)	Low/infrequent eating could be common. Meals may be skipped, portions restricted, or eating delayed.	Prolonged periods without eating; rigid rules about when/how much to eat; avoidance of snacks or certain foods.
Bulimia nervosa (BN)	Often irregular. Restriction or skipped meals may alternate with recurrent binge episodes.	A person may restrict during the day and then binge later, followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Binge-eating disorder (BED)	Eating frequency may be normal, increased, or irregular. The defining issue is recurrent binge episodes, not simply eating often.	Episodes involve unusually large amounts of food with a sense of loss of control. Unlike BN, recurrent compensatory behaviors are absent.
ARFID	Often reduced or highly selective eating frequency, although it varies considerably.	Meals may be skipped because of sensory sensitivity, fear of aversive consequences (choking/vomiting), or low interest in eating.
Atypical anorexia nervosa	Restriction and/or reduced intake may resemble AN.	The person may have significant psychological and medical effects of restriction without being at a significantly low body weight.

Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor

A possible useful clinical distinction

Eating frequency vs eating disorder diagnosis.

For example:

Eating once or twice a day may not automatically mean anorexia.
Eating frequently may not automatically mean binge eating disorder.
Someone with bulimia may have periods of apparently normal eating between episodes.
Someone with ARFID may eat an adequate number of meals but have an extremely narrow range of foods.
Someone with atypical anorexia may eat substantially less than their nutritional needs despite having a body weight that is not considered significantly low.

The restriction binge cycle

One particularly important pattern may be:

Restriction…increasing hunger/food preoccupation…binge…guilt/distress…compensation or renewed restriction…further restriction

This cycle may occur particularly prominently in bulimia nervosa, but restrictive dieting may also contribute to binge episodes in other contexts.

From a clinical perspective, it may be more informative to assess 24-hour eating patterns, meal/snack regularity, amount consumed, subjective loss of control, food avoidance, compensatory behaviors, and the person’s thoughts and emotions around eating,

Rather Than Simply Asking: “How many times do you eat per day?”

A possible helpful distinction may be: “eating frequency” vs. “nutritional adequacy” vs. “loss of control eating” vs. “compensatory behavior.” Those four dimensions may give a much clearer picture than frequency alone.

Shervan K Shahhian

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Care:

Mental Health and substance abuse care refers to an integrated approach to helping people who experience psychological or psychiatric/medical problems:(please, consult with a medical doctor/psychiatrist) together with problematic alcohol or drug use. When both occur, the term co-occurring disorders or dual diagnosis may often be used.

Key components

Comprehensive assessment
- Mental health symptoms and diagnoses
- Alcohol and drug use patterns
- Trauma and adverse experiences
- Medical conditions and medications: (please, consult with a medical doctor/psychiatrist)
- Suicide and violence risk: Get Immediate emergency care.
- Social, family, housing, employment, and legal circumstances

Integrated treatment

Rather than treating substance abuse and mental health problems as completely separate issues, treatment addresses them together when appropriate.

Evidence based interventions

Depending on the person’s needs, these may include:
- Motivational interviewing (MI)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Relapse prevention approaches
- Trauma informed care
- Contingency management
- Medication treatment when indicated: (please, consult with a medical doctor/psychiatrist)
- Peer/recovery support
- Family therapy
- Psychiatric treatment: (please, consult with a psychiatrist)

Relapse prevention

Treatment helps identify triggers, cravings, high risk situations, emotional states, and thinking patterns that may contribute to renewed substance abuse.

Harm reduction

Recovery may not always begin with complete abstinence. Harm reduction approaches may reduce immediate risks while helping the person move toward healthier patterns and, when desired and appropriate, abstinence.

Continuity of care

Effective care may involve coordination among therapists, psychiatrists, primary care providers, addiction specialists, social workers, peer support programs, and other professionals.

An important clinical principle

A useful framework may be:

Treat the person, not merely the diagnosis.

For example, depression may contribute to alcohol drinking, while heavy alcohol drinking may worsen depression. Anxiety may lead someone to use and abuse cannabis or abuse alcohol for short term relief, while substance abuse may subsequently increase anxiety. The relationship may therefore become a self-reinforcing cycle.

Mental health and substance use cycle

Psychological distress…substance abuse…temporary relief…consequences/withdrawal…increased distress…increased risk of further abuse

Treatment attempts to interrupt that cycle while developing healthier coping skills, emotional regulation, social support, and recovery resources.

In short: Mental Health and substance abuse care may increasingly understood as integrated, person centered, trauma informed, and recovery oriented care, rather than two completely separate treatment systems.

Shervan K Shahhian