Self-Destructive Behaviors are patterns of thinking or acting that cause harm,…

Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Self-Destructive Behaviors are patterns of thinking or acting that cause harm to a person’s physical, emotional, social, financial, or psychological well-being, either immediately or over time. Sometimes these behaviors are intentional, but they maybe indirect or unconscious attempts to cope with overwhelming emotions, trauma, stress, or unmet psychological needs.

Self-destructive behaviors may provide temporary relief from emotional pain, but they usually create greater problems in the long run.

Common Types of Self-Destructive Behaviors

1. Physical Self-Harm

Deliberately injuring oneself without suicidal intent: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Examples: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

  • Cutting
  • Burning
  • Hitting oneself
  • Scratching until bleeding
  • Hair pulling (in some cases)

Possible functions:

  • Reducing emotional distress
  • Feeling something during emotional numbness
  • Self-punishment
  • Regaining a sense of control

2. Substance Misuse and Abuse: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Using alcohol or drugs in ways that damage health or functioning.

Examples:

  • Alcohol misuse and abuse: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Misuse of prescription medications: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Illicit drug use and abuse: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Repeated intoxication despite consequences: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Reasons may include:

  • Escaping painful emotions
  • Coping with trauma
  • Temporary emotional relief
  • Social pressure
  • Self numbing

3. Self-Sabotage

Behaviors that undermine one’s own success and/or well-being and/or future.

Examples:

  • Missing important deadlines
  • Procrastination that repeatedly causes serious consequences
  • Quitting meaningful goals prematurely
  • Damaging healthy relationships
  • Turning down opportunities because of fear of success

Often associated with:

  • Fear of failure
  • Fear of success
  • Low self-esteem
  • Perfectionism
  • Self Sabotage
  • Self hate

4. Risk-Taking Behaviors

Engaging in unnecessarily dangerous activities.

Examples:

  • Reckless driving
  • Unsafe sexual behavior: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Dangerous thrill seeking
  • Repeated physical fights

These behaviors may reflect:

  • Impulsivity
  • Sensation seeking
  • Difficulty regulating emotions
  • Self-sabotage

5. Disordered Eating

Eating behaviors that significantly harm physical health or psychological health: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Examples: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

  • Restrictive eating
  • Binge eating
  • Purging
  • Compulsive overeating

These behaviors may often be linked to:

  • Emotional regulation
  • Body image concerns
  • Anxiety
  • Trauma

6. Staying in Harmful Relationships

Remaining in relationships that involve emotional, physical, or psychological harm.

Reasons may include:

  • Fear of abandonment
  • Trauma bonding
  • Low self-worth
  • Financial dependence
  • Hope that the other person will change

7. Chronic Negative Self-Talk

Persistent self-criticism that reinforces emotional suffering.

Examples:

  • “I’m worthless.”
  • “I always fail.”
  • “No one will ever love me.”

Over time, this can contribute to depression, anxiety, and reduced self-confidence.

8. Neglecting Basic Self-Care: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Ignoring fundamental physical and emotional needs.

Examples:

  • Poor sleep habits: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Skipping meals: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Avoiding medical care: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Poor hygiene
  • Social isolation

9. Financial Self-Destruction

Patterns of behavior that repeatedly create financial hardship.

Examples:

  • Compulsive spending
  • Gambling
  • Refusing to budget
  • Accumulating unmanageable debt

Why Do People Engage in Self-Destructive Behaviors?

These behaviors often serve a psychological function rather than reflecting a genuine desire for harm.

Possible common contributing factors include:

  • Trauma or adverse childhood experiences
  • Depression
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Personality disorders
  • Substance use disorders: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Chronic stress
  • Shame or guilt
  • Emotional dysregulation
  • Poor coping skills
  • Low self-esteem
  • Learned patterns from family or environment

From a psychological perspective, the behavior may temporarily reduce distress through negative reinforcement, the relief strengthens the likelihood of repeating the behavior, even though it has harmful long-term consequences.

Psychological Theories

Several frameworks help explain self-destructive behavior:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT): Maladaptive beliefs (“I deserve to suffer”) and unhelpful thinking patterns contribute to harmful behaviors.
  • Psychodynamic Theory: Unconscious conflicts, unresolved trauma, or self-punitive tendencies may underlie the behavior.
  • Attachment Theory: Insecure attachment and early relational experiences can influence later patterns of self-neglect or self-sabotage.
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Emphasizes that self-destructive behaviors often function as attempts to regulate intense emotions or cope with distress.
  • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): Suggests that efforts to avoid or control painful internal experiences can paradoxically lead to behaviors that move a person away from their values.

Warning Signs

A person may be at increased risk if they:

  • Repeatedly harm themselves physically or emotionally: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Engage in escalating risky behaviors: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist
  • Express persistent hopelessness or worthlessness
  • Withdraw from friends and family
  • Neglect basic needs
  • Continue harmful behaviors despite significant negative consequences

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying causes but may include:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), particularly for emotion regulation and self-harm
  • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
  • Trauma focused therapies (such as EMDR, when appropriate)
  • Motivational Interviewing for substance-related concerns
  • Medication when indicated for conditions such as depression or anxiety
  • Peer support and skills groups
  • Safety planning when there is a risk of self-harm or suicide

Can Self-Destructive Behaviors Change?

Yes. Some research shows that these behaviors maybe learned coping strategies, and with appropriate treatment and support, they may be replaced by healthier ways of managing stress and emotions.

Recovery typically involves:

  • Identifying triggers
  • Learning emotion regulation skills
  • Challenging unhelpful beliefs
  • Building self-compassion
  • Strengthening supportive relationships
  • Developing coping strategies that align with personal values

Key Point: Please, Consult with a Medical Doctor/Psychiatrist

Self-destructive behaviors are generally symptoms of underlying psychological distress, not personality flaws or evidence of weak character. Understanding the purpose these behaviors serve is an important step toward replacing them with healthier, more adaptive coping strategies. If someone is engaging in these behaviors frequently or they are escalating in severity, a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified mental health professional may help identify contributing factors and guide effective treatment.

Shervan K Shahhian

Psychotherapy encompasses a wide range of techniques:

Psychotherapy encompasses a wide range of techniques, each tailored to address different psychological issues and client needs.

Here are some major variations of psychotherapy techniques, (the explanations of each therapy is theocratical, not matter of fact):

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

  • Focus: Changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
  • Techniques: Cognitive restructuring, exposure therapy, and behavioral activation.

2. Psychodynamic Therapy

  • Focus: Unconscious processes and past experiences.
  • Techniques: Free association, dream analysis, and transference interpretation.

3. Humanistic Therapy

  • Focus: Personal growth and self-actualization.
  • Techniques: Client centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, and existential therapy.

4. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

  • Focus: Emotion regulation and interpersonal effectiveness.
  • Techniques: Mindfulness, distress tolerance, and emotion regulation strategies.

5. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

  • Focus: Accepting thoughts and feelings while committing to values-based actions.
  • Techniques: Mindfulness, cognitive diffusion, and values clarification.

6. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

  • Focus: Improving interpersonal relationships.
  • Techniques: Role playing, communication analysis, and exploring relationship patterns.

7. Family Therapy

  • Focus: Family dynamics and communication.
  • Techniques: Structural therapy, strategic therapy, and systemic therapy.

8. Group Therapy

  • Focus: Interpersonal interaction in a group setting.
  • Techniques: Process groups, support groups, and psychoeducational groups.

9. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

  • Focus: Processing traumatic memories.
  • Techniques: Bilateral stimulation (eye movements, taps, sounds), cognitive restructuring.

10. Mindfulness-Based Therapy

  • Focus: Increasing awareness and acceptance of the present moment.
  • Techniques: Mindfulness meditation, body scan, and mindful breathing.

11. Art Therapy

  • Focus: Expressing emotions through creative processes.
  • Techniques: Drawing, painting, sculpting, and other forms of artistic expression.

12. Play Therapy

  • Focus: Helping the young express emotions and resolve conflicts through play.
  • Techniques: Role playing, storytelling, and use of toys and games.

13. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

  • Focus: Building solutions rather than solving problems.
  • Techniques: Miracle question, scaling questions, and identifying exceptions.

14. Hypnotherapy: (alternative mental health)

  • Focus: Utilizing hypnosis to address various psychological issues.
  • Techniques: Induction, deepening, and post hypnotic suggestions.

15. Integrative or Eclectic Therapy

  • Focus: Combining elements from different therapeutic approaches.
  • Techniques: Tailored interventions based on client’s needs and therapist’s expertise.

Each of these techniques has its own theoretical foundations, methods, and areas of application, making it possible for therapists to choose and adapt their approach according to the specific needs of their clients.

Shervan K Shahhian

Machiavellianism maybe a personality trait characterized by strategic manipulation:

Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by strategic manipulation, emotional detachment, and a focus on personal gain or power. The term comes from Niccolò Machiavelli, whose writings, especially The Prince, were interpreted as emphasizing pragmatic, sometimes ruthless political strategy.

Key characteristics

  • Manipulative behavior: influencing others to achieve one’s goals.
  • Strategic thinking: planning several steps ahead.
  • Emotional detachment: making decisions with less regard for feelings.
  • Cynicism: assuming others are motivated by self-interest.
  • Focus on power, status, or advantage: prioritizing outcomes over relationships.

Common behaviors

A person high in Machiavellianism might:

  • Use flattery strategically.
  • Withhold information when it benefits them.
  • Form alliances for practical reasons rather than emotional closeness.
  • Exploit weaknesses or conflicts between people.
  • Appear charming while pursuing a hidden agenda.

Machiavellianism vs. healthy influence

Healthy influenceMachiavellian influence
Transparent communicationHidden motives
Mutual benefitPrimarily self-benefit
Respect for boundariesWillingness to bend boundaries
Empathy and trustCalculated use of trust
Long-term healthy relationshipsLong-term control or advantage

The “Dark Triad”

In psychology, Machiavellianism maybe grouped with:

Machiavellianism

Strategic manipulation

Manipulation and strategic exploitation

Narcissism

Grandiosity

Grandiosity and need for admiration

Psychopathy

Low empathy

Low empathy, impulsivity, and callousness

Together they are called the Dark Triad. Someone may be high in one trait and not necessarily high in the others.

Is Machiavellianism a disorder?

No. It maybe considered a personality trait, not a mental disorder. However, very high levels may contribute to interpersonal problems, unethical behavior, workplace conflict, or exploitative relationships.

Signs in relationships

Potential red flags

Repeated pattern

  • Frequent guilt tripping or emotional leverage
  • Selective honesty
  • Playing people against each other
  • Keeping score of favors
  • Using affection, attention, or approval as a bargaining tool
  • Rarely accepting responsibility when caught manipulating

What research says

Studies generally find that people higher in Machiavellianism tend to:

  • Be effective in short term competitive situations.
  • Excel at reading social dynamics.
  • Have lower levels of empathy and trust.
  • Experience more unstable or conflict-prone relationships.
  • Be viewed as less trustworthy over time.

A simple example

Healthy negotiation: “Let’s find a solution that works for both of us.”

Machiavellian approach: “If I make them feel guilty and reveal only part of the information, I can get the outcome I want.”

The key difference

Intent matters

The key difference is not simply being strategic. Strategic thinking is normal and often healthy. Machiavellianism involves using strategy, manipulation, and emotional leverage primarily for personal advantage, often with little concern for the other person’s wellbeing.

Shervan K Shahhian

Psychological Domination refers to the use of psychological tactics to,…

Psychological domination refers to the use of psychological tactics to gain, maintain, or exert power and control over another person’s thoughts, emotions, decisions, or behavior. It may occur in many different contexts, and whether it is healthy or harmful depends on the nature of the relationship and whether it is consensual.

There maybe two broad forms:

1. Harmful Psychological Domination (Coercive Control)

This is the form most commonly discussed in psychology and mental health. It involves manipulating or controlling another person against their will.

Common tactics include:

  • Coercive manipulation: (using fear, guilt, or obligation)
  • Gaslighting: (making someone question their memory or perception of reality)
  • Isolation: from family and friends
  • Emotional blackmail
  • Intimidation and threats
  • Excessive criticism or humiliation
  • Love bombing: followed by withdrawal of affection
  • Monitoring and surveillance
  • Controlling finances, communication, or daily activities
  • Creating dependency: so the person feels unable to leave

The goal may be to reduce the person’s independence and increase the dominator’s power.

Possible effects on the victim include:

  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Low self-esteem
  • Self-doubt
  • Learned helplessness
  • Confusion
  • Trauma symptoms
  • Difficulty trusting others

2. Consensual Psychological Domination

In some adult relationships, psychological dominance is part of a mutually agreed upon dynamic, such as in certain forms of power exchange. In these cases:

  • Both individuals freely consent.
  • Clear boundaries are established.
  • Either person can withdraw consent.
  • Mutual respect and communication are essential.

This differs fundamentally from abusive psychological domination because it is voluntary and negotiated.

How Psychological Domination Works

People seeking psychological dominance may often exploit normal human needs, such as the need for:

  • Love and acceptance
  • Security
  • Belonging
  • Approval
  • Predictability
  • Identity

Over time, they may condition another person to seek their approval while becoming increasingly fearful of disagreement or independence.

Warning Signs

Someone may be attempting psychological domination if they:

  • Need to control every decision.
  • Punish disagreement.
  • Constantly tell you what you should think or feel.
  • Rewrite events to make you doubt yourself.
  • Encourage dependence while discouraging independence.
  • Use guilt or shame to influence your choices.
  • Alternate kindness with cruelty to keep you emotionally off balance.

Psychological Concepts Related to Psychological Domination

Several concepts overlap with psychological domination:

  • Coercive control
  • Gaslighting
  • Trauma bonding
  • Learned helplessness
  • Psychological manipulation
  • Narcissistic abuse

In Clinical Psychology

Mental health professionals may view harmful psychological domination as a pattern of coercive control rather than a single behavior. It is recognized as a significant form of emotional and psychological abuse and is associated with increased risk of anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms.

In short, psychological domination is the systematic use of psychological influence to establish power over another person. When it is non-consensual, it is generally considered a form of emotional or psychological abuse. When it is fully informed, voluntary, and consensual between adults, it refers to a very different type of interpersonal dynamic.

Shervan K Shahhian

Parapsychology: Living Person Apparitions:

Living Person Apparitions are reports in which someone sees, hears, or senses a person who is actually alive but physically absent at the time of the experience (apparition).

These experiences have been studied in parapsychology and psychical research for over a century. They are sometimes called veridical apparitions of the living or living agent apparitions.

Common Features

  • The experiencer perceives a recognizable person.
  • The person is alive at the time of the apparition.
  • The apparition may appear visually, be heard speaking, or be sensed as a presence.
  • The experience may occur during an emotionally significant event involving the distant person.

Types of Living-Person Apparitions

1. Crisis Apparitions

The most frequently reported type.

A person appears to a friend or relative at the moment they are:

  • Seriously injured
  • Experiencing a medical emergency: Consult with a Medical Doctor, ASAP.
  • In extreme danger; Call 911.
  • Believing they may die

The apparition is later found to have coincided with the crisis.

2. Experimental Apparitions

In some psychical research experiments, a “sender” attempts to mentally project an image or presence to a distant “receiver.” Results have been mixed and remain controversial.

3. Spontaneous Apparitions

A person unexpectedly perceives someone who is alive and elsewhere, without any known crisis occurring.

Psychological Explanations

Controversial psychology may interprets these experiences as:

  • Misperceptions
  • Vivid mental imagery
  • Hypnagogic or hypnopompic experiences (between sleeping and waking)
  • Memory reconstruction
  • Expectation or emotional longing

Parapsychological Interpretations

Some researchers have proposed that living person apparitions may involve:

  • Telepathy
  • Psi mediated communication
  • An unconscious projection of information during emotional crises
  • A temporary manifestation of consciousness at a distance

Historical Research

Researchers associated with the Society for Psychical Research collected thousands of reports of apparitions, including many involving living persons. Classic investigators documented numerous cases in the landmark work Phantasms of the Living.

Current View

There is scientific some consensus that living person apparitions represent an actual paranormal phenomenon. However, they remain of interest to psychologists, consciousness researchers, and parapsychologists because some cases appear difficult to explain through ordinary coincidence or known psychological processes alone.

In short, a living person apparition is an experience in which a person perceives someone who is alive but not physically present, with explanations ranging from normal psychological processes to theories of telepathy or other psi related mechanisms.

Shervan K Shahhian

The Super Psi Hypothesis is a theory in Parapsychology:

The Super Psi Hypothesis is a theory in parapsychology that attempts to explain phenomena that appear to involve communication with the dead without assuming that consciousness survives bodily death.

According to the hypothesis, a living person’s unconscious mind may possess extraordinarily powerful psi abilities, including:

Telepathy: (accessing other people’s thoughts)

Clairvoyance: (accessing distant or hidden information)

Precognition: (accessing future information)

Psychokinesis (PK): (influencing physical events)

The idea is that these abilities may operate on a vast, unconscious scale, creating experiences that seem to come from deceased individuals.

Why Was It Proposed?

Researchers studying mediumship, apparitions, and other survival related phenomena noticed that some cases may be interpreted in two ways:

Survival Hypothesis:

The deceased person’s consciousness continues after death and communicates with the living.

Super Psi Hypothesis:

The living person’s unconscious psi abilities gather information may come from many sources and create the appearance of communication with the dead.

Example

Suppose a medium provides accurate information about a deceased person.

Survival interpretation: The medium is communicating with the deceased.

Super Psi interpretation: The medium unconsciously may obtain the information through telepathy from living relatives, clairvoyance, or other psi processes.

Strengths of the Super Psi Hypothesis

Does not require survival of consciousness after death.

Provides a theoretical explanation for some mediumship and after death communication reports.

Fits within a broader psi framework already accepted by some parapsychologists.

Criticisms

Critics argue that Super Psi may become difficult to test because it may invoke virtually unlimited psi abilities to explain any anomaly. Some researchers believe certain cases contain information that appears difficult to obtain solely from living minds.

Current Status

The Super Psi Hypothesis remains a theoretical concept within parapsychology. Neither Super Psi nor the Survival Hypothesis has achieved acceptance within controversial psychology or neuroscience because they have been demonstrated under conditions that satisfy the broader parapsychology community.

In some groups of parapsychologist, the debate often centers on whether anomalous experiences are better explained by:

Survival of consciousness after death,

Extraordinary psi abilities of living individuals (Super Psi),

Psychological and cognitive factors,

Or some combination of these possibilities.

For researchers interested in postmortem survival, Super Psi is may be considered the strongest alternative explanation to the Survival Hypothesis.

Shervan K Shahhian

Podcast Episode: Parapsychology And Consciousness

Pip: Liberty Psychological Association — building what it calls the most comprehensive online library on mental health, psychology, and parapsychology in the world, which is either a mission statement or a very committed filing system.

Mara: Shervan K Shahhian and Liberty Psychological Association are covering serious ground today — psychokinesis and how researchers try to measure it, psychic experience and the question of non-human intelligences, and auditory hallucinations on the clinical side.

Pip: Let's start with things that move without being touched.

Psychokinesis: From Table Tipping to Large-Scale PK

Mara: The question this territory is asking is whether the mind can directly influence physical matter — and if so, at what scale, and how would you even test it?

Pip: The table levitations post sets the historical baseline. Nineteenth-century spiritualist gatherings, hands lightly placed, tables rocking. The post notes that researchers studied these claims and concluded "many cases could be explained by unconscious muscular movements exerted by the participants."

Mara: That's the ideomotor effect — people producing small muscle movements without conscious awareness, and those movements combining across multiple participants into something that looks dramatic but isn't.

Pip: So the séance table was basically a group ouija board running on collective fidgeting. Scientifically humbling, but also kind of elegant.

Mara: The large-scale PK post extends this into much bigger claimed effects — weather modification, disruptions to power grids and electronic systems, and collective consciousness influencing random number generators, as in the Global Consciousness Project. These are called macro-PK claims when effects extend beyond localized environments.

Pip: And then there's micro-PK, which is the quieter end of the spectrum — subtle statistical influences on random number generators, radioactive decay, quantum-level events. Not visible to the naked eye, detectable only across many trials.

Mara: The micro-PK post is careful to note that mainstream science attributes reported effects to statistical fluctuations, experimental error, and publication bias. The evidence hasn't met the bar for replication required for scientific acceptance, though parapsychology researchers continue investigating.

Mara: The scale question matters — from a table tilting in a Victorian parlor to weather anomalies to dice outcomes — it's the same underlying hypothesis about consciousness and matter, just tested at very different levels.

Pip: Which raises the question of what counts as a psychic experience in the first place.

Psychic Experience and the Question of Non-Human Intelligences

Mara: The psychic phenomena post maps the full terrain — telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, remote viewing, mediumship — and offers a working definition: "experiences or alleged abilities involving the acquisition of information or influence that appear to occur outside the currently recognized mechanisms of the six senses or known physical processes."

Pip: That's a carefully neutral framing. It doesn't claim proof, but it doesn't dismiss the reports either.

Mara: Right — and the post is honest that psychological processes like pattern recognition, confirmation bias, and unconscious social cue detection can account for many experiences that feel psychic. The open question is whether any remainder survives that explanation.

Pip: The non-human intelligences post pushes into stranger territory. NHIs are hypothesized entities — spirit intelligences, extraterrestrial or interdimensional beings, collective consciousnesses — believed by some researchers to interact with people through psychic means.

Mara: Associated experiences include telepathic communication, apparitions, UAP encounters, and near-death experiences. No scientific consensus that NHIs exist, but the concept sits at the intersection of parapsychology, ufology, and consciousness studies, and the post treats it as a live research question rather than a closed one.

Pip: And there's a podcast episode in this batch — Psi, UAPs, and Consciousness — that pulls these threads together directly, which tells you something about how seriously this library takes the overlap.

Mara: Both posts land in the same place: whether these experiences represent independent intelligences, aspects of human consciousness, or something else remains genuinely open.

Pip: From entities that may or may not exist, to experiences that are very much real — and need clinical attention.

When the Mind Hears What Isn't There

Mara: The auditory hallucinations post is clinical and direct: these are "hearing sounds, voices, music, or noises that are not actually present in the environment," ranging from simple buzzing or ringing to complex voices.

Pip: The causes run wide — schizophrenia, severe depression, sleep deprivation, substance use, epilepsy, dementia, even high fever. The post is explicit that treatment depends on identifying the cause, and that persistent or distressing experiences warrant professional evaluation.

Mara: The warning signs flagged are specific: voices commanding harmful actions, difficulty distinguishing hallucination from reality, sudden onset with medical symptoms. The post directs anyone in that situation to seek urgent help immediately.


Pip: From tables lifting in Victorian parlors to statistical anomalies in random number generators to voices that need a clinician — it's a wide library.

Mara: The common thread is taking unusual experience seriously enough to ask the right questions. More from the library next time.

In Psychology, Mental Commentary refers to an ongoing internal stream of thoughts, interpretations, judgments,…

In psychology, mental commentary refers to an ongoing internal stream of thoughts, interpretations, judgments, or self-talk about what is happening around you or inside your mind. It is part of normal human cognition and self-awareness.

Examples may include:

  • “I probably sounded awkward.”
  • “That person seems upset.”
  • “I need to remember this later.”
  • “Why did I do that?”
  • “This situation feels dangerous.”

Mental commentary may be:

Neutral

Simple observation or reflection:

  • “I’m tired.”
  • “Traffic is heavy today.”

Positive

Supportive or encouraging self-talk:

  • “I handled that well.”
  • “I can figure this out.”

Negative

Critical, fearful, or pessimistic thinking:

  • “I always fail.”
  • “Everyone is judging me.”

Automatic

Many thoughts arise quickly and automatically without conscious intention. In cognitive psychology, these are often called automatic thoughts.

Mental Commentary vs. Reality

A key concept in therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment

Therapy is that:

Thoughts are interpretations, not necessarily facts.

Mental commentary can sometimes become distorted through cognitive biases such as:

  • catastrophizing
  • mind reading
  • overgeneralization
  • black and white thinking

Healthy vs. Unhealthy Mental Commentary

Healthy

  • Reflective
  • Flexible
  • Reality-based
  • Self-correcting
  • Helps problem solving

Unhealthy

  • Constant self-criticism
  • Rumination
  • Obsessive replaying
  • Fear based prediction
  • Harsh internal attacks

Excessive negative commentary may be associated with anxiety, depression, trauma-related conditions, and obsessive thinking patterns.

Mental Commentary and Psychosis

Most people experience internal self-talk. However, mental commentary becomes clinically important when a person:

  • cannot distinguish thoughts from external reality,
  • experiences voices as externally generated,
  • or develops highly fixed delusional interpretations.

“Running commentary” may describe a type of auditory hallucination where voices narrate a person’s actions continuously. This may occur in conditions like Schizophrenia, though hallucinations may also appear in other medical: Consult With a Medical Doctor, or psychological conditions.

Reducing Distressing Mental Commentary

Helpful approaches may include:

  • mindfulness
  • cognitive restructuring
  • thought labeling
  • grounding techniques
  • journaling
  • therapy
  • sleep regulation and stress reduction

For example:

  • Instead of “I’m doomed,” noticing: “I’m having an anxious thought.”

That creates psychological distance between the thinker and the thought.

Shervan K Shahhian

Unquestioned Beliefs are ideas, assumptions, or “truths” that,…

Unquestioned beliefs are ideas, assumptions, or “truths” that a person accepts automatically without examining, testing, or critically reflecting on them.

These beliefs often operate in the background of thinking and may shape emotions, behavior, identity, and relationships without the person fully realizing it.

Common Examples

  • “If I fail, I am worthless.”
  • “People cannot be trusted.”
  • “Strong people never ask for help.”
  • “My thoughts must be true.”
  • “Success equals happiness.”
  • “Everyone is judging me.”

Some unquestioned beliefs come from:

  • Family upbringing
  • Culture or religion
  • Trauma or painful experiences
  • Social conditioning
  • Repeated messages from authority figures
  • Personal interpretations formed early in life

In Psychology

Unquestioned beliefs may be closely related to:

  • Core beliefs
  • Cognitive schemas
  • Assumptions
  • Implicit biases

For example, in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, therapists may help people identify beliefs they have never challenged, especially beliefs connected to anxiety, depression, shame, or self worth.

A person might believe:

“Because I feel rejected, I am rejected.”

The belief feels factual because it has gone unexamined.

Why They Matter

Unquestioned beliefs may:

  • Distort perception
  • Increase emotional suffering
  • Create rigid thinking
  • Reinforce fear or avoidance
  • Influence decision-making unconsciously

But not all unquestioned beliefs are harmful. Some provide stability, meaning, or moral structure.

Signs a Belief May Be “Unquestioned”

  • It feels “obviously true.”
  • You react emotionally when it is challenged.
  • You rarely ask, “Where did this belief come from?”
  • You assume everyone sees the world the same way.
  • Contradictory evidence is ignored or dismissed.

Healthy Examination of Beliefs

Questioning beliefs may not mean rejecting everything. It means becoming more aware and reflective.

Helpful questions include:

  • “What evidence supports this belief?”
  • “Where did I learn this?”
  • “Is this always true?”
  • “Could there be another interpretation?”
  • “Does this belief help or harm me?”

This process is connected to metacognition, thinking about one’s own thinking, and psychological flexibility.

Shervan K Shahhian

Podcast Episode: Living With Chronic Stalking

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Pip: Liberty Psychological Association covers a lot of territory — but this week the site goes somewhere most mental health content avoids: what prolonged stalking actually does to a person, from the inside out.

Mara: Shervan K Shahhian at Liberty Psychological Association walks through the full psychological toll of long-term stalking, and then zeroes in on the breaking point — what happens when accumulated stress finally exceeds a person’s capacity to cope. Let’s start with the broader psychological impact.

Psychological Toll of Long-Term Stalking

Pip: The post on the psychological effects of long-term stalking isn’t really about the stalker — it’s about what living under continuous perceived threat does to the person on the receiving end, across every domain of their life.

Mara: The post frames it through a clinical lens: “A person may become highly alert to potential threats because the brain’s threat-detection systems adapt to a perceived dangerous environment. This adaptation can be protective in the short term but exhausting over long periods.”

Pip: So the very mechanism that keeps someone safe in a genuine threat becomes its own source of harm when the threat never resolves. The brain stays on high alert indefinitely.

Mara: Right, and the post maps that harm across four categories — emotional, cognitive, physical, and behavioral. Emotional effects include chronic anxiety, depression, shame, and mistrust. Cognitive effects include difficulty concentrating, rumination, and constant threat monitoring. Behaviorally, people withdraw socially, alter daily routines, and struggle to maintain work or relationships.

Pip: That behavioral layer is worth sitting with — it’s not just internal suffering, it’s a reorganization of an entire life around managing a threat.

Mara: Clinically, the post says these patterns may meet criteria for PTSD, complex trauma, anxiety disorders, or major depressive disorder. Trauma-informed clinicians are directed to assess not just safety but the full emotional, cognitive, and behavioral impact — asking things like how sleep, work, and relationships are affected.

Pip: And the post is careful to note that clinicians don’t assume whether the reported surveillance is real or not — the psychological damage is the focus regardless.

Mara: Which sets up the concept the post calls allostatic load — the cumulative wear and tear that builds when stress is chronic. That’s the bridge into the breaking point.

When Accumulated Stress Finally Breaks

Mara: The post on the straw that broke the camel’s back makes a precise claim: the breaking point for someone dealing with chronic stalking is almost never a dramatic incident.

Pip: “The final event may appear small to others, but it carries the weight of everything that came before it.” That’s the whole argument in one sentence.

Mara: Exactly — a familiar vehicle, another unwanted message, one more boundary violation. Any of those might look minor in isolation, but after months or years of accumulated fear and hypervigilance, they can trigger emotional collapse, panic attacks, or severe feelings of helplessness. The post also notes that anger and thoughts of retaliation can emerge at this stage.

Pip: The upshot is that resilience isn’t unlimited — and the size of the final incident is a poor measure of how serious the situation actually is.


Mara: What connects both pieces is that the harm is cumulative and largely invisible to outside observers — the size of any single event tells you almost nothing about the weight a person is actually carrying.

Pip: Which means the question worth asking isn’t what finally broke someone, but how long they were holding before it did.