philosophy – LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Salience Filtering is the mind’s way of deciding what matters right now and what can be ignored:

Salience filtering is the mind’s way of deciding what matters right now and what can be ignored.

At any given moment, your senses are flooded with far more information than you can consciously process, sounds, sights, thoughts, bodily sensations. Salience filtering is the mechanism that selects a small subset of that input and flags it as important (salient) so it enters awareness and guides behavior.

How it works

(CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)

It’s largely governed by the mind’s salience network, especially:

Anterior insula: (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)
Anterior cingulate cortex: (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)

This system continuously evaluates incoming stimuli based on:

Relevance to goals: (“Does this help me?”)
Emotional significance: (“Is this threatening or rewarding?”)
Novelty: (“Is this new or unexpected?”)

Only what passes this filter becomes the focus of attention.

Simple example

Imagine you’re at a loud party:

You ignore dozens of conversations (filtered out)
Suddenly, someone says your name across the room, it instantly grabs your attention

Your mind tagged that sound as salient, overriding everything else.

Why it matters

Salience filtering shapes:

Attention: (what you focus on)
Perception: (what you even notice exists)
Memory formation: (what gets stored)
Behavioral responses: (what you react to)

When it goes off balance

Distorted salience filtering is linked to several psychological states:

Anxiety: neutral stimuli feel threatening (over-tagging danger)
Depression: reduced salience of rewarding stimuli
Psychosis (schizophrenia): aberrant salience (random things feel deeply meaningful)

In your domain (psychology & mental training)

Salience filtering is tightly connected to:

Attentional control
Neural priming
Visualization / mental rehearsal

You may train it:

Focus repeatedly on certain cues, they become more salient
Use emotional intensity, increases tagging strength
Pair attention with intention, biases future perception

This maybe why practices like visualization or hypnotic suggestion can feel powerful, they reprogram what your mind flags as important.

One important reality check

It may feel like salience is revealing hidden truths or external signals, but neurologically: (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST), it’s a selection and weighting system, not a detection of objective importance in the environment. It tells you what your mind prioritizes, not necessarily what is inherently meaningful.

Shervan K Shahhian

Targeting Mechanism of Awareness, explained:

The targeting mechanism of awareness may refer to how your mind selects, locks onto, and stabilizes specific information out of the overwhelming stream of internal and external input. In psychology and neuroscience, this could sit at the intersection of attention, salience detection, and executive control.

Think of awareness not as a passive spotlight, but as a guided targeting system.

Core Components of the Targeting Mechanism

1. Salience Detection (What gets flagged)

Your mind may constantly scan for what is important or meaningful.

Driven by emotional relevance (fear, desire, novelty)
Involves the salience network (especially anterior insula & ACC)
Filters millions of stimuli, selects a few candidates for awareness

This is why your name in a noisy room instantly grabs your attention.

2. Attentional Orientation (Where awareness moves)

Once something is flagged, attention shifts toward it.

Bottom-up: automatic (loud noise, sudden movement)
Top-down: intentional (you decide to focus)

Key system: dorsal attention network

3. Selection & Amplification (What gets “lit up”)

The mind may enhance the selected target and suppresses competing inputs.

Involves selective attention
Neural gain increases for the chosen stimulus

Awareness becomes clearer, sharper, more vivid for that target.

4. Stabilization (Holding awareness on target)

This is sustained attention, keeping awareness from drifting.

Managed by executive control (prefrontal cortex)
Vulnerable to distraction, fatigue, emotional interference

5. Meta-Awareness (Awareness of targeting itself)

The highest layer, observing where your awareness is pointed.

Linked to metacognition
Allows you to redirect attention intentionally

The Whole System (Simple Flow)

Input flood , Salience filter, Target selection, Amplification, Stabilization, Monitoring (meta-awareness)

A Deeper Psychological Insight

Your targeting mechanism may not neutral, it could be shaped by:

Past conditioning (trauma, learning history)
Belief systems
Motivational states
Unresolved emotional material

This could mean:
Two people in the same environment may target completely different realities.

Clinical & Applied Angle

In therapy and cognitive work, dysfunction in this system may show up as:

Attentional bias (threat fixation in anxiety)
Rumination loops (over-targeting internal narratives)
Dissociation (targeting breakdown or fragmentation)
Addiction (hyper-targeting reward cues)

Advanced Framing

We may extend this into parapsychology or expanded models of consciousness:

Awareness behaves less like a byproduct and more like a directive operator
The “targeting mechanism” becomes analogous to intentional tuning
In frameworks like CRV, targeting is trained as a skill, decoupling from sensory input and directing awareness toward non-local information

Practical Takeaway

You may strengthen this mechanism by training:

Precision, narrowing what you attend to
Stability, holding attention longer
Flexibility, shifting targets deliberately
Meta-awareness, noticing drift instantly
Shervan K Shahhian

Experimental Research in Telepathy, Psychokinesis, and Skin Vision, what is it:

Experimental research into telepathy, psychokinesis (PK), and “skin vision” sits within the broader field of Parapsychology, a controversial area that tries to test whether mind-to-mind or mind-over-matter effects exist under controlled conditions. Here’s a grounded overview of this phenomena research.

1. Telepathy Research
Telepathy: direct mind-to-mind information transfer without sensory channels.

Key Experimental Approaches
Ganzfeld Experiments
Participants are placed in sensory-reduced environments (soft lighting, white noise).

A “sender” views an image/video; a “receiver” reports impressions.

Later, the receiver chooses which target matches their experience.

Findings:

Some meta-analyses report small but above-chance “hit rates.”

Critics argue methodological flaws, publication bias, and replication issues.

Dream Telepathy Studies
Conducted at the Maimonides Medical Center in the 1960s.

Sleeping participants attempted to “receive” target images.

Led by Montague Ullman.

Results:

Some striking anecdotal matches.

But inconsistent replication limits acceptance.

2. Psychokinesis (PK) Research
Psychokinesis: influencing physical systems with the mind.

Experimental Models
Random Number Generator (RNG) Studies
Participants attempt to mentally bias random systems.

Conducted extensively at the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab.

Directed by Robert G. Jahn.

Findings:

Very small statistical deviations reported.

Effects are subtle and difficult to replicate reliably.

Micro-PK Experiments
Focus on tiny systems (electronic noise, quantum-level randomness).

Suggest that if PK exists, it operates at extremely small scales.

Macro-PK Claims
Includes dramatic effects (bending metal, moving objects).

Popularized by Uri Geller.

Scientific status:

Generally attributed to illusion, fraud, or lack of controls.

3. Skin Vision (Dermal Perception)
Skin vision: perceiving visual information through the skin (often fingertips).

Soviet-Era Experiments
Studied in the USSR during the Cold War.

Subjects claimed to read colors or text blindfolded.

Associated with Rosa Kuleshova.

Experimental setup:

Eyes fully covered.

Objects placed under hands.

Findings:

Some positive results reported.

Later critiques suggested:

Light leakage

Subtle sensory cues

Inadequate controls

Methodological Challenges Across All Three

Replication Problem
Results are often not consistently reproducible, a core requirement of science.
Small Effect Sizes
When effects appear, they are usually very weak statistically.
Experimenter Effects
Researcher expectations may influence outcomes (consciously or unconsciously).
Sensory Leakage
Tiny, unnoticed cues can explain “psi” results.
Publication Bias
Positive findings are more likely to be published than null results.

That said, research continues at the margins, often reframed in terms of:

Consciousness studies

Anomalous cognition

Mind–matter interaction

A Nuanced Take
It’s worth separating three layers:

Phenomenological reality
People do report meaningful telepathic or PK-like experiences

Experimental signal
Weak, inconsistent statistical anomalies sometimes appear

Established mechanism
Still absent in accepted science

Shervan K Shahhian

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT) Part 2, explained:

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT) could be a structured, evidence-based psychotherapy could be designed to help people find or reconnect with a sense of meaning, purpose, and value in life, especially when facing suffering, illness, or existential distress.

It could be strongly rooted in the work of Viktor Frankl, who developed logotherapy, the idea that the primary human drive is the “will to meaning.”

Core Idea

MCT could be built on a simple but powerful premise:

Even when we cannot change our circumstances, we can change how we relate to them, and still find meaning.

Key Themes of Meaning in MCT

MCT might help clients explore different sources of meaning, such as:

1. Creative Sources

What you give to life (work, contributions, legacy)

2. Experiential Sources

What you receive from life (love, beauty, relationships)

3. Attitudinal Sources

The stance you take toward unavoidable suffering

This third category is especially central, echoing Frankl’s experience during the Holocaust.

Core Components of Therapy

MCT could typically structured and time-limited (often 7–8 sessions), focusing on:

Life review (identity, values, personal history)
Meaning-making exercises
Exploration of legacy (what you leave behind)
Responsibility and choice
Facing mortality and limitations
Reframing suffering

Possible Techniques Used

Guided reflection and discussion
Narrative reconstruction (rewriting one’s life story)
Legacy projects (letters, recordings, symbolic acts)
Experiential exercises (e.g., “What matters most?”)

Evidence & Effectiveness

Research might show MCT can:

Reduce existential distress
Decrease depression and hopelessness
Improve spiritual well-being and quality of life

It’s especially effective in:

Palliative care
Grief and bereavement
Trauma and identity crises

How It Could Differ from Other Therapies

Therapy	Focus
CBT	Thoughts and behaviors
Psychodynamic	Unconscious conflicts
MCT	Meaning, purpose, existential identity

MCT could be less about symptom control and more about:
“What makes life worth living, even now?”

Possible Clinical Insight

MCT is particularly interesting because it:

Bridges existential psychology and spiritual meaning systems
Can incorporate transpersonal or anomalous experiences without pathologizing them
Aligns with frameworks like:
- Meaning-making in grief
- Survival-of-consciousness interpretations (if handled carefully)

Possible Limitations

Not ideal as a standalone treatment for acute psychosis
Requires some level of reflective capacity
May feel abstract for highly concrete thinkers

In One Sentence

Meaning-Centered Therapy might help people endure and transform suffering by reconnecting with what gives their life meaning, no matter the circumstances.

Shervan K Shahhian

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT), explained:

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy approach that might help people find, restore, or deepen a sense of meaning and purpose in life, especially when facing suffering, illness, loss, or existential distress.

It could be strongly inspired by the ideas of Viktor Frankl and his work in Logotherapy, which emphasizes that the primary human motivation is the search for meaning.

Core Idea

Meaning-Centered Therapy could propose that psychological suffering often intensifies when people feel:

Life has lost meaning
They have no purpose
Their suffering seems pointless
Their identity or legacy feels threatened

The therapy helps people reconnect with sources of meaning, even in very difficult circumstances.

The approach could be widely used in psycho-oncology, palliative care, and existential psychotherapy.

Main Goals

Meaning-Centered Therapy could help individuals:

Rediscover purpose in life
Understand their life story
Create a sense of legacy
Find meaning in suffering
Strengthen spiritual or existential identity

Four Major Sources of Meaning

Meaning might come from four main sources:

1. Creative Sources

Meaning through what we give to the world.

Examples:

Work
Creativity
Contributions
Helping others

2. Experiential Sources

Meaning through what we receive from life.

Examples:

Love
Beauty
Nature
Art
Relationships

3. Attitudinal Sources

Meaning through how we face unavoidable suffering.

Examples:

Courage
Dignity
Compassion
Resilience

Frankl emphasized this most strongly.

4. Historical Sources

Meaning through our personal story and legacy.

Examples:

Life narrative
Family history
Cultural identity
Values passed to others

Typical Structure of Meaning-Centered Therapy

The therapy is often short-term and structured, usually 7–8 sessions.

Common topics explored:

Concept of meaning
Life as a story
Identity and values
Creativity and contribution
Experiences of love and beauty
Attitude toward suffering
Legacy and life meaning

Clinical Uses

Meaning-Centered Therapy could commonly used for:

Cancer patients
Terminal illness
Palliative care
Existential depression
Grief and loss
End-of-life counseling

It overlaps with roles such as:

End-of-Life Doula
Death Midwife

Possible Psychological Benefits

Research shows MCT can:

Reduce existential distress
Reduce depression
Increase spiritual well-being
Improve sense of dignity
Strengthen resilience

Example of a Meaning-Centered Question

A therapist may ask:

“When in your life have you felt most meaningful or purposeful?”
“What do you want your life to stand for?”
“What legacy would you like to leave?”

Simple Example

A patient with terminal illness may initially feel:

“My life is ending. Everything was pointless.”

Meaning-Centered Therapy helps them rediscover:

The love they gave their children
The values they lived by
The courage they showed in hardship

Thus the narrative shifts from “pointless suffering” to “a meaningful life story.”

Why It Matters (Psychologically)

Meaning acts as a buffer against existential despair.
Even in extreme conditions, humans can maintain psychological stability when they feel their lives have purpose or significance.

This insight came directly from Frankl’s experiences during the The Holocaust.

Interesting that some clinicians might link meaning-centered approaches with spiritual or transcendent experiences, possibly including anomalous experiences and existential awakening.

Shervan K Shahhian

Parapsychology and Bereavement Research, explained:

Parapsychology and Bereavement Research could be a field that explores unusual or anomalous experiences reported by people after the death of a loved one. It could sit at the intersection of psychology, grief studies, and parapsychology, and investigates whether these experiences are purely psychological, meaningful subjective events, or possibly evidence of phenomena not yet understood by conventional science?

This area is often discussed in terms of After-Death Communication (ADC), grief psychology, and anomalous experience research.

1. What Bereavement Research in Parapsychology Studies

Researchers may examine experiences reported by grieving individuals, such as:

Some common reported phenomena

Feeling the presence of the deceased
Dream visitations where the deceased appears vividly
Hearing the deceased’s voice or name
Seeing apparitions or visual impressions
Coincidences or synchronicities associated with the deceased
Electrical disturbances (lights, devices) linked symbolically to the deceased

These could often be called “post-bereavement experiences” or “after-death communications.”

2. Key Research Findings

Studies consistently could show these experiences maybe very common.

Research associated with organizations like the

Society for Psychical Research
Parapsychological Association

Could found that:

Some bereaved people report at least one anomalous experience after a death.
These experiences occur across cultures and religions.
Most people reporting them do not have mental illness.
They often reduce grief and provide comfort.

3. Psychological vs Parapsychological Interpretations

Psychological explanation

Mainstream psychology might suggest these experiences may arise from:

Memory activation
Attachment bonds continuing after death
Dream processing
Grief hallucinations
Cognitive expectation

For example, grief research might show the mind may create internal representations of the deceased to maintain emotional continuity.

Parapsychological hypothesis

Parapsychologists consider additional possibilities:

Survival hypothesis
Consciousness continues after bodily death.
Psi-mediated experience
The bereaved person may unconsciously access information via psi.
Actual after-death communication

4. Clinical Psychology Perspective

Modern grief therapy should take a non-pathologizing view of these experiences.

In many cases they are considered:

Normal components of grief
Continuing bonds with the deceased
Psychologically adaptive

Research might show that when clinicians do not dismiss these experiences, patients often experience:

Reduced anxiety
Less shame
Improved grief integration

5. Related Concepts in Bereavement Studies

Important frameworks could include:

Continuing Bonds Theory, maintaining a relationship with the deceased
Meaning reconstruction in grief
Transpersonal psychology
Anomalous bereavement experiences

These could overlap strongly with the broader field of parapsychological consciousness research.

6. Major Research Institutions

Some institutions could be studying these topics include:

Division of Perceptual Studies
Windbridge Research Center
Rhine Research Center

These groups study mediumship, near-death experiences, and after-death communication.

7. Example of Bereavement Phenomena Studied

Researchers might often analyze cases such as:

A widow hearing her spouse’s voice at the moment of death
A dream encounter with verifiable information
Apparitions reported simultaneously by multiple witnesses

These cases could be studied using qualitative interviews, surveys, and cross-cultural analysis.

Important insight:
Some researchers now consider anomalous grief experiences part of normal human grieving, regardless of whether they are interpreted as psychological, symbolic, or paranormal.

Shervan K Shahhian

Ganzfeld Telepathy Studies, what were they:

Ganzfeld Telepathy Studies might be among the well-known experimental approaches in modern Parapsychology, designed to test whether telepathy (mind-to-mind information transfer) can occur under controlled conditions.

What is the Ganzfeld Method?

The term Ganzfeld (German for “whole field”) refers to a state of sensory homogenization, reducing structured sensory input to make subtle mental signals more noticeable.

Typical Setup:

Receiver (percipient) sits in a relaxed state:
- Eyes covered with halved ping-pong balls
- Red light illumination
- White noise or static in headphones
Sender (agent) is in a separate room:
- Focuses on a randomly chosen image or video clip
After ~20–40 minutes:
- The receiver reports impressions, images, emotions
- Then selects the target from several options (usually 4 choices)

If telepathy exists, the receiver should choose the correct target more often than chance (25%).

Key Findings

Early Results (1970s–1980s)

Researchers like Charles Honorton reported above-chance hit rates (~30–35%)
Suggested weak but consistent telepathic effects

Autoganzfeld Experiments (1980s–1990s)

Improved automation to remove human bias
Conducted at institutions like Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab
Results:
- Hit rates around 32%
- Statistically significant but small effect

Meta-Analyses

Daryl Bem and Charles Honorton (1994):
- Concluded results support a real but weak psi effect
Later analyses found:
- Small but persistent deviation from chance across many studies

Criticisms & Skeptical Views

Mainstream psychology remains skeptical, citing:

1. Methodological Issues

Sensory leakage (unintentional cues)
Inadequate randomization in early studies

2. Replication Problems

Some labs fail to reproduce results consistently

3. Statistical Concerns

File-drawer effect (unpublished negative studies)
Small effect sizes

Skeptics like Ray Hyman argued that:

The results are not robust enough to confirm telepathy

Parapsychological Interpretations

Within parapsychology, Ganzfeld results are often explained using models you’re already exploring:

1. Psi-Mediated Information Transfer

Direct telepathy between sender and receiver

2. Super-Psi Hypothesis

Receiver unconsciously accesses information via psi (not necessarily from sender)

3. Altered States Facilitation

Ganzfeld state may:
- Reduce mental noise
- Increase internal imagery
- Enhance psi sensitivity

Psychological Interpretation

From a conventional standpoint:

The Ganzfeld state resembles:
- Mild sensory deprivation
- Hypnagogic imagery (dream-like states)
Hits may result from:
- Pattern matching
- Expectation bias
- Subconscious inference

Bottom Line

Ganzfeld studies are one of the strongest experimental cases in parapsychology
Evidence suggests:
- A small statistical anomaly
- But not widely accepted as proof of telepathy
Interpretation depends heavily on theoretical framework:
- Psi vs psychological processes
- Shervan K Shahhian

How Parapsychology interprets certain experiences that maybe different from Clinical Psychology:

Parapsychology and clinical psychology might often study similar human experiences, but they interpret them through very different explanatory frameworks. This is especially true for experiences such as visions, apparitions, telepathy, near-death experiences, or sensed presences. Below is a comparison.

1. Basic Orientation

Clinical Psychology

Focus: mental health, diagnosis, and treatment.
Framework: biological, cognitive, and social explanations.
Goal: determine whether experiences indicate normal coping, stress reactions, or psychopathology.

Parapsychology

Focus: possible psi phenomena (ESP, telepathy, psychokinesis, survival after death).
Framework: might explore whether experiences may represent genuine anomalous interactions with consciousness beyond known mechanisms.
Goal: investigate whether some experiences are veridical (information-bearing) rather than purely subjective.

The main difference could be:

Clinical psychology asks “What psychological process caused this?”
Parapsychology asks “Could this involve psi or consciousness beyond the mind?”

2. Interpretation of Anomalous Experiences

Apparitions or sensed presence

Clinical psychology may explain them through:

grief responses
memory activation
dissociation
sleep-related hallucinations

Parapsychology may consider:

survival-related experiences
telepathic contact
crisis apparitions

Grief visions

In bereavement cases:

Clinical psychology:

interprets them as possible normal grief hallucinations or continuing bonds with the deceased

Parapsychology:

sometimes might interpret them as possible post-mortem communication

Telepathy or intuitive knowing

Clinical psychology:

intuition
pattern recognition
coincidence
confirmation bias

Parapsychology:

investigates extrasensory perception (ESP) under controlled conditions.

3. Differences in Research Methods

Clinical psychology

DSM diagnostic frameworks
clinical interviews
neurobiological models: CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST
psychotherapy outcome studies

Parapsychology

laboratory psi experiments
Ganzfeld telepathy studies
case collections of spontaneous experiences
statistical anomaly detection

A major organization in the field is the Parapsychological Association.

4. Attitude Toward Anomalous Experiences

Clinical psychology might take a conservative explanatory stance:

extraordinary claims require strong evidence
priority is protecting mental health

Parapsychology takes an exploratory stance:

anomalous experiences may indicate unknown capacities of consciousness
not automatically pathological

5. Some Areas Where Both Fields Overlap

There is some collaboration in the study of “anomalous experiences”.
Researchers attempt to distinguish between:

psychopathology
spiritual or transformative experiences
possible psi phenomena

Important modern view:
Some psychologists today recognize that having unusual experiences does not necessarily mean mental illness. The key question is whether the experience causes distress, impairment, or loss of reality testing.

Some modern researchers frame this as “the psychology of anomalous experience”, which tries to bridge both fields rather than oppose them.

Shervan K Shahhian

The 4th model that Modern Parapsychologists are Discussing; the “Super-Psi or Living Agent Psi model”:

Modern researchers in Parapsychology discuss a fourth explanatory model for anomalous experiences that might be called the “Super-Psi” or “Living Agent Psi (LAP)” model. This model tries to explain phenomena that appear paranormal or spirit-related without requiring discarnate spirits or external entities.

The Super-Psi / Living Agent Psi Model

Basic idea:
All the information or effects involved in an anomalous experience might come from the psychic abilities of living people, usually unconsciously.

These abilities may include:

Telepathy: mind-to-mind information transfer
Clairvoyance: acquiring information about distant or hidden events
Precognition: knowledge of future events
Psychokinesis: mental influence on physical systems

The “super” part of the theory means these abilities that could possibly operate at extremely complex and powerful levels, combining all of the above simultaneously.

Why It Was Proposed

Researchers noticed that some paranormal cases seemed to involve:

Accurate information about deceased people
Objects moving: or disturbances (poltergeist cases)
Visions or voices: that seem external
Mediumistic information

Instead of assuming spirits, the Super-Psi model suggests:

The living person’s unconscious psi might gather information from anywhere in space and time and constructs the experience.

Example

A grief apparition:
Someone sees and hears a deceased relative.

Interpretations maybe different models:

Psychological model: grief hallucination
Survival model: the spirit of the deceased actually appeared
Psi model: telepathic/clairvoyant perception
Super-Psi model: the experiencer’s unconscious psi accessed information about the deceased and created the full perception

Where It Is Used

The model may often be discussed in research areas such as:

Apparitions
Mediumship
Poltergeist cases
Near-death and after-death communication reports

Some influential parapsychologists who debated these ideas include:

J. B. Rhine
Ian Stevenson
Stephen E. Braude

Strengths of the Model

Parapsychologists might consider it attractive because it:

Explains paranormal information without requiring spirits
Uses known psi processes studied in labs
May theoretically explain very complex cases

Main Criticism

Critics argue the model becomes too powerful and unfalsifiable.

For example:

If unconscious psi can access the mind, at any place, at any time, then paranormal events could be explained by Super-Psi, making it difficult to test scientifically.

Important Debate in Parapsychology

Today the biggest debate in Parapsychology is between:

Super-Psi / Living Agent Psi theory
Survival of consciousness after death

Both attempt to explain the same phenomena but propose could be different realities.

Shervan K Shahhian

The 3 Main Models Parapsychologists might use to explain Anomalous Experiences:

In Parapsychology, researchers may often use three main explanatory models to understand anomalous experiences (apparitions, telepathy, precognition, near-death visions, or contact experiences). These models may not necessarily compete; some researchers treat them as different explanatory levels.

1. The Psi (Survival / Extrasensory) Model

This could be the traditional parapsychological model.

Core idea:
Some anomalous experiences may involve genuine psi abilities or survival of consciousness beyond the body.

Examples:

Extrasensory Perception (ESP): telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
Psychokinesis (PK): mind influencing matter
Apparitions of deceased individuals
Veridical perceptions during Near-Death Experience

Interpretation:

Consciousness may extend beyond the brain.
Some experiences may reflect actual information transfer or survival of consciousness after death.

This model is commonly used in:

survival research
mediumship studies
remote viewing research (including protocols such as Controlled Remote Viewing)

2. The Psychological / Experiential Model

This model emphasizes human psychology rather than external paranormal forces.

Core idea:
Many anomalous experiences may arise from normal psychological processes that feel extraordinary.

Key factors studied include:

Dissociation
Absorption (psychology) (deep imaginative focus)
grief-related visions
sleep paralysis
hypnagogic imagery
expectation and belief

Example:
A bereaved person seeing a deceased loved one may be interpreted as a grief-induced perceptual experience, not necessarily a spirit encounter.

This model could overlap with:

clinical psychology
cognitive psychology
trauma research

3. The Experiential / Constructivist Model

This model might focus on how people interpret unusual experiences, regardless of their ultimate cause.

Please note that:
Anomalous experiences may be genuine subjective events, but their meaning is constructed through culture, beliefs, and worldview.

Researchers might study:

cultural interpretations of visions
spiritual frameworks
mythic and symbolic meaning

For example:

A Christian might interpret a vision as an angel.
A UFO experiencer might interpret it as extraterrestrial contact.
A mystic might see it as spiritual awakening.

This model connects with:

Transpersonal Psychology
Anthropology
consciousness studies.

In summary

Model	Main Explanation	Focus
Psi Model	Real paranormal processes	ESP, survival, PK
Psychological Model	Internal mental processes	cognition, perception, grief
Constructivist Model	Cultural interpretation of experiences	meaning and worldview

Interesting point:
Some modern researchers might combine these models into a “multi-layered explanation”, recognizing that an anomalous experience might involve psychological processes, cultural interpretation, and “possibly” psi elements simultaneously.

Shervan K Shahhian