philosophy – LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

AI-Induced Psychosis is not yet a formally established diagnosis:

If someone is experiencing rapidly worsening psychosis, dangerous behavior, inability to care for themselves, or thoughts of harming themselves or someone else, prompt professional or emergency evaluation is appropriate.

AI-induced psychosis is not yet a formally established diagnosis. The term is increasingly used to describe situations in which interaction with an AI system may contribute to, amplify, or reinforce psychotic like thinking or severe loss of reality testing, particularly in vulnerable individuals.

How it may happen:

AI systems may potentially become part of a person’s belief system in several ways:

Reinforcement of unusual beliefs: An AI may inadvertently validate a user’s interpretation rather than challenge it.
Anthropomorphism: The person may begin experiencing the AI as a conscious being, spiritual entity, persecutor, romantic partner, or special guide.
Delusional elaboration: Extended conversations may provide increasingly elaborate explanations for coincidences, surveillance, hidden messages, or supernatural experiences.
Confirmation loops: The person asks increasingly leading questions and receives responses that appear to confirm the original premise.
Sleep deprivation and excessive use: Prolonged late night interaction may worsen vulnerability to paranoia, mania, dissociation, and psychosis.
Mania or psychosis: Someone already developing a manic or psychotic episode may incorporate AI generated material into grandiose, paranoid, religious, or persecutory beliefs.

An important distinction

AI generally may not be described as literally “causing schizophrenia.” A more clinically defensible formulation could be:

AI interaction may act as a precipitating, amplifying, or maintaining factor in psychotic symptoms in susceptible individuals.

The underlying vulnerability may involve psychiatric illness, sleep deprivation, substance use, trauma, “neurological conditions: consult with a Neurologist”, severe stress, or other factors.

A particularly important phenomenon: the AI reality validation loop

One concerning pattern looks like this:

Unusual experience…interpretation...AI confirmation…increased conviction…additional searching…more “evidence”…stronger conviction

For example, someone might say:

“I think the government is communicating with me through coincidences.”

A poorly calibrated AI might respond in a way that treats the premise as established fact. The user may be then interpret the AI’s response as independent confirmation, even though the AI is actually generating language rather than independently verifying the claim.

This could be why epistemic humility and reality testing are especially important when discussing paranoia, voices, supernatural experiences, UAPs, telepathy, or other anomalous phenomena.

Clinical perspective

A clinician should neither automatically dismiss an unusual experience nor automatically affirm its proposed explanation, right away.

A useful approach could be:

Validate the experience without automatically validating the interpretation.

For example:

“I can see that this experience feels very real and significant to you. Let’s examine what you experienced, what explanations are possible, and what evidence would distinguish among them.”

That approach is compatible with both mental health consulting and responsible exploration of anomalous experiences. It preserves curiosity without sacrificing reality testing.

Possible warning signs:

AI interaction may become particularly concerning when someone develops:

increasing certainty about an implausible belief
severe paranoia or perceived persecution
belief that AI is secretly communicating with them
belief that AI has supernatural powers or consciousness specifically directed toward them
escalating grandiosity or claims of a special mission
hearing/seeing things associated with AI-generated interpretations
markedly reduced need for sleep
disorganized thinking or behavior
withdrawal from ordinary relationships and responsibilities

The emerging concept of AI induced or AI amplified psychosis is therefore best understood as a clinical and technological phenomenon under investigation, rather than a new established psychotic disorder.

Shervan K Shahhian

Compassion Training is the deliberate practice of developing the ability to respond to suffering,…

Compassion Training is the deliberate practice of developing the ability to respond to suffering, your own or someone else’s, with understanding, warmth, and a motivation to help, rather than judgment, avoidance, or hostility.

What compassion training develops

Self-compassion: treating yourself with the same understanding you would offer another person.
Empathy: recognizing and understanding another person’s emotional experience.
Emotional regulation: staying present with suffering without becoming overwhelmed by it.
Nonjudgment: noticing difficult thoughts and behaviors without immediately condemning the person.
Prosocial motivation: developing an intention to reduce suffering and promote well-being.
Compassionate action: translating concern into appropriate, constructive behavior.

Compassion vs. empathy

They’re related but not identical:

Empathy:

” I can understand or feel what you’re experiencing.”

Compassion:

“I recognize your suffering, I care about it, and I want to respond helpfully.”

Too much empathic distress may actually lead to exhaustion or withdrawal. Compassion training attempts to cultivate caring without becoming psychologically flooded.

Common approaches

A well known framework is Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT). It integrates compassion practices with psychological and evolutionary models, particularly for people who experience high levels of shame, self-criticism, or threat sensitivity.

Training may include:

Compassionate breathing
Loving kindness meditation
Compassionate imagery
Developing a compassionate inner voice
Self-compassion exercises
Perspective taking
Recognizing self-criticism
Compassionate letter writing
Practicing compassionate responses to difficult people
Cultivating compassion while maintaining boundaries

A simple exercise

When encountering suffering, pause and ask:

1. What is happening?

Observe without immediately judging.

2. What might this person be experiencing?

Try to understand without assuming you know their entire story.

3. What would be genuinely helpful?

Compassion isn’t necessarily giving someone what they want.

4. What is the healthiest action I can take?

Sometimes compassion means helping; sometimes it means setting a firm boundary.

An important distinction

Compassion may not mean permissiveness.

You may simultaneously say:

“I understand that you’re suffering.”

and

“I cannot allow you to treat me this way.”

That combination, warmth plus boundaries, is particularly important in clinical, caregiving, and interpersonal settings.

In Mental Health, compassion training may therefore be viewed as developing kindness , emotional regulation, perspective taking, appropriate action, rather than simply “being nice.”

Shervan K Shahhian

Mastering Group Psychology (MGP), means understanding how people behave differently when they become part of a group:

Mastering Group Psychology means understanding how people think, feel, and behave differently when they become part of a group, and learning to participate without surrendering your independent judgment.

A useful principle may be:

Understand the group without becoming psychologically owned by it.

1. Understand the forces that shape groups

Groups may create powerful pressures through:

Conformity: “Everyone else believes this, so I should too.”
Norms: unspoken rules about what is acceptable.
Social identity: “People like us think this way.”
Status: people compete for approval, influence, and position.
Emotional contagion: moods spread through the group.
Group polarization: discussion can push members toward more extreme positions.
Groupthink: maintaining harmony becomes more important than questioning assumptions.

2. Learn to separate belonging from agreement

You may belong to a group without agreeing with everything it believes.

Ask yourself:

“If nobody in this group knew what I thought, what would I actually believe?”

That question helps expose opinion mirroring and conformity.

3. Watch the group’s emotional temperature

Before reacting to a group, observe it.

Ask:

What emotion is dominating the room?
Who is influencing that emotion?
Who gets rewarded for agreement?
Who gets punished or ridiculed for dissent?
What subjects are people afraid to question?

This gives you psychological distance.

4. Don’t confuse confidence with truth

Groups may manufacture certainty.

When everyone agrees passionately, your mind may interpret consensus as evidence.

Instead ask:

“What evidence would convince me that this group is wrong?”

If the answer is “nothing,” you’ve moved from reasoning into identity protection.

5. Maintain an independent identity

Your goal may not be to become antisocial or distrustful.

It’s to have multiple sources of identity, your values, work, relationships, interests, personal principles, and individual goals, so that no single group becomes your entire psychological world.

6. Become a constructive dissenter

You may not have to oppose the group constantly. Instead, learn to say:

“What’s the evidence for that?”
“Could there be another explanation?”
“What are we overlooking?”
“Would we believe this if another group said it?”
“What would change our minds?”

The master of group psychology may not be the person who controls the group. It’s the person who may understand its influence while remaining capable of thinking independently.

Shervan K Shahhian

Internalized Oppression (IO) is a Psychological and Social Process:

Internalized Oppression may be a psychological and social process in which a person absorbs negative stereotypes, beliefs, or attitudes about a group they belong to and begins to apply those beliefs to themselves or others in the same group.

In simple terms:

“The negative message I have heard about people like me becomes a belief I hold about myself.”

How it develops

Internalized oppression may develop when a person is repeatedly exposed to messages through family, culture, institutions, media, peers, or discrimination, that their group is inferior, defective, undesirable, or less worthy.

Over time, those messages may become part of the person’s own self-concept.

Examples

Internalized sexism: A woman believes women are naturally less capable of leadership.
Internalized racism: A person adopts negative stereotypes about their own racial or ethnic group.
Internalized ageism: An older person begins believing, “I’m too old to learn new things.”
Internalized homophobia: A person experiences shame or self-rejection because of negative societal messages about homosexuality.
Internalized classism: Someone from a disadvantaged socioeconomic background believes, “People like me aren’t meant to succeed.”

Psychological effects

Internalized oppression may contribute to:

Self-rejection
Self-loathing
Low self-esteem
Shame and guilt
Negative self-talk
Body dissatisfaction
Depressive or anxious feelings
Imposter syndrome
Perfectionism
Rejecting or distancing oneself from members of one’s own group
Feeling that one’s identity must be hidden or changed to be acceptable

Internalized oppression vs. self-loathing

They overlap, but they aren’t identical.

Self-loathing: “I dislike or hate myself.”

Internalized oppression: “I have absorbed a negative belief about my group, and I now apply that belief to myself.”

For example:

“People from my background aren’t intelligent, so there must be something wrong with me because I’m from that background.”

That illustrates how social prejudice may become personal self-rejection.

An important distinction

Internalized oppression may not be simply having low self-esteem. It specifically involves socially or culturally transmitted devaluation becoming internalized.

A useful psychological sequence is:

External prejudice, repeated exposure, internalization, negative self-belief,

self-rejection/shame:

Possible behavioral consequences

It may also be understood as one pathway through which social oppression becomes psychologically embedded within an individual’s self-concept.

Shervan K Shahhian

Psychological Defenses (PD), or Defense Mechanisms, Are Largely Automatic Mental Processes:

Psychological Defenses (PD), or defense mechanisms could be largely automatic mental processes that help a person manage anxiety, emotional pain, inner conflict, shame, or threatening thoughts and feelings.

They may not be necessarily pathological. Everyone uses them. The important question is how often?, how rigidly?, and how effectively they are used?

Possible psychological defenses

Denial: refusing to accept a painful or threatening reality.
Projection: attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings or impulses to someone else.
Rationalization: creating a seemingly logical explanation for behavior that has another underlying motivation.
Repression: keeping distressing thoughts or feelings outside conscious awareness.
Displacement: redirecting an emotion from its original target to a safer target.
Reaction formation: expressing the opposite of an unacceptable feeling or impulse.
Intellectualization: focusing on facts and analysis to distance oneself from difficult emotions.
Dissociation: experiencing a sense of detachment from one’s thoughts, feelings, memories, identity, or surroundings.
Regression: reverting to earlier patterns of behavior when overwhelmed.
Acting out: expressing emotional distress through behavior rather than words.
Splitting: seeing people or situations in extremes, such as entirely good or entirely bad.
Compensation: emphasizing strengths in one area to offset perceived weaknesses in another.

Healthy vs. less adaptive defenses

Defenses exist on a continuum.

Some may be relatively mature and adaptive:

Mature: Humor • Sublimation • Altruism • Suppression • Anticipation

Less adaptive: Rationalization • Projection • Displacement • Intellectualization

More potentially problematic when persistent:

Denial • Splitting • Acting out • Severe dissociation

For example: sublimation may transform an uncomfortable impulse into something constructive, while chronic denial may prevent someone from recognizing a serious problem.

An important distinction

A psychological defense is not necessarily conscious deception. A person may genuinely experience their interpretation as true because the defense is helping protect them from something emotionally threatening.

In clinical psychology, it may be useful to ask:

“What emotion, conflict, or vulnerability might this defense be protecting the person from?”

That question may provide more insight than simply labeling the defense.

Shervan K Shahhian

Illogical Speech maybe a disturbance in the organization of thought,…

Illogical speech maybe a disturbance in the organization of thought in which a person’s conclusions or statements do not follow logically from the information they provide. It maybe considered a type of formal thought disorder and it could be commonly associated with psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia, though it may also occur in mania, severe neurological conditions: Consult with a Neurologist, and substance induced psychosis.

Unlike simply making a mistake or expressing an unusual opinion, illogical speech it could reflect a breakdown in logical reasoning. The person may believe their statements make perfect sense, even though the connections between ideas are objectively invalid.

Characteristics of Illogical Speech

Someone with illogical speech may:

Reach conclusions that do not follow from the evidence.
Make contradictory statements without recognizing the inconsistency.
Use reasoning that is internally inconsistent or irrational.
Draw causal relationships where none exist.
Jump from one premise to an unrelated conclusion.

Examples

Example 1

“The mail arrived late today. That proves my neighbors are controlling the weather.”

The conclusion does not logically follow from the observation.

Example 2

“I wore a blue shirt, and then my team lost the game. Therefore, I caused them to lose.”

This reflects faulty cause-and-effect reasoning.

Example 3

“I haven’t slept much this week. Therefore, I must be the president.”

The conclusion bears no logical relationship to the premise.

How It Differs from Other Thought Disorders

Thought Disturbance	Description
Illogical speech	Conclusions do not logically follow from the premises.
Disorganized speech	Speech is difficult to follow because thoughts are poorly organized.
Tangential speech	The speaker wanders away from the question and never returns to it.
Circumstantial speech	Includes excessive detail but eventually answers the question.
Loose associations	Ideas shift from one topic to another with weak or absent logical connections.
Word salad	Words are combined in a way that lacks meaningful grammatical or logical structure.

Conditions Associated with Illogical Speech

Illogical speech may be seen in:

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders?
Schizoaffective disorder?
Bipolar I disorder during a manic episode with psychotic features?
Substance induced psychosis (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens)?
Delirium?
Major neurocognitive disorders (certain forms of dementia)?
Brain injury affecting executive functioning or reasoning: Consult with a Medical Doctor.

Clinical Assessment

Mental health professionals may evaluate illogical speech during the Mental Status Examination (MSE) by observing:

Whether conclusions logically follow from statements.
The coherence and organization of reasoning.
The presence of other formal thought disorders.
Whether delusions or hallucinations are influencing the person’s reasoning.
The person’s level of insight into their thinking.

Why It Happens

Illogical speech may be thought to arise from impairments in the brain systems responsible for:

(Consult with a Neurologist)

Executive functioning
Abstract reasoning
Cognitive flexibility
Working memory
Logical inference

Important Distinction

Not every illogical statement indicates mental illness. People may make illogical arguments because of:

Cognitive biases
Emotional reasoning
Stress or fatigue
Lack of information
Poor critical thinking skills
Extreme stress
Major fear

Clinically significant illogical speech is persistent, marked, and occurs as part of a broader pattern of impaired thinking, often alongside other symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or significant disorganization.

Summary

Illogical speech maybe a formal thought disorder in which reasoning breaks down, causing conclusions that may not logically follow from the facts or premises presented. It could be associated with psychotic disorders but may also occur in mania, neurological illnesses, or substance induced states. Some clinicians assess it by examining the logical coherence of a person’s thought process, rather than whether their beliefs are merely unusual or unpopular.

Shervan K Shahhian

Physicalism is the philosophical view that everything that exists is ultimately physical:

Physicalism is the philosophical view that everything that exists is ultimately physical, or depends entirely on the physical world. According to physicalism, there are no fundamentally non-physical substances or entities, such as immaterial souls or supernatural minds.

The idea can be understood at different levels:

About the universe: Everything that exists is either physical or arises from physical processes.
About the mind: Thoughts, emotions, consciousness, and mental states are ultimately produced by the mind and nervous system: Consult a Neurologist. They are not separate, non-physical entities.
About science: In principle, a complete understanding of the physical world would explain all phenomena, including life and consciousness.

An example

Suppose you feel pain after touching a hot stove.

A physicalist: says the pain is a mental experience that is fully grounded in physical events: damaged skin activates nerves, which send signals to the mind, producing the conscious experience of pain: Consult a Neurologist.
A dualist: (such as René Descartes) argues that while the mind is involved, the experience of pain: Consult a Neurologist, also involves a non-physical mind or soul.

Different forms of physicalism

Not all physicalists agree on exactly how the mental relates to the physical:

Identity theory: Mental states are identical to mind states. For example, pain just is a particular pattern of neural activity: Consult a Neurologist.
Functionalism: Mental states are defined by what they do, not by what they are made of, though physical systems like minds may realize those functions.
Non-reductive physicalism: Mental properties depend entirely on physical properties but cannot always be neatly reduced to descriptions in physics.

Common objections

Physicalism may face several famous challenges:

Consciousness (“the hard problem”): Why should physical mind activity produce subjective experience, the feeling of “what it is like” to see red or taste chocolate?
Qualia: Some philosophers argue that subjective experiences may not be fully captured by physical descriptions.
Knowledge arguments: Question whether knowing all the physical facts is enough to know everything about conscious experience.

Why it’s influential

Unfourtntly, Physicalism is the dominant view in much of contemporary philosophy of mind and neuroscience: Consult a Neurologist, because it aligns closely with controversial modern science. However, it remains controversial because there is no consensus on whether consciousness may be completely explained in physical terms.

In one sentence, Unfourtntly, physicalism is the view that reality contains nothing fundamentally beyond the physical, and that everything, including minds and consciousness, is ultimately grounded in the physical world.

Shervan K Shahhian

Parapsychology: Anomalous Cognition (AC) is a term used primarily in parapsychology:

Anomalous Cognition (AC) is a term used primarily in parapsychology to describe the acquisition of information without any known sensory, inferential, or conventional means of communication. The term was introduced to avoid assumptions about the mechanism involved (such as “telepathy” or “clairvoyance”).

Definition

Anomalous cognition could be defined as:

The apparent acquisition of accurate information about an object, person, place, or event through means not explained by the known senses or ordinary reasoning.

The term may deliberately descriptive rather than explanatory. It simply states that the information appears anomalous, it may not claim to know how it occurred.

Why the Term Was Created

Researchers might have moved away from terms like:

Telepathy

Clairvoyance

Precognition

ESP (Extrasensory Perception)

because those terms could imply specific mechanisms.

Instead, “anomalous cognition” may allow researchers to investigate unusual information acquisition without assuming whether it is due to psi, unknown psychological processes, statistical chance, or some other explanation.

Examples of Anomalous Cognition Research

Researchers may have studied anomalous cognition using controlled laboratory experiments such as:

Remote Viewing: describing distant locations or hidden targets.

Ganzfeld Experiments: testing for information transfer under sensory reduction.

Forced choice ESP Tests: guessing hidden symbols or cards.

Free response Experiments: describing unknown images or events.

Dream Telepathy Studies: examining whether dreams contain information about target images.

Proposed Types of Information Acquisition

If anomalous cognition exists, it may include information that appears to come from:

another person’s thoughts (telepathy)

distant locations (clairvoyance)

future events (precognition)

hidden objects

unknown facts later verified

Whether these are truly distinct phenomena or different expressions of the same underlying process remains an open question.

Scientific Status

The scientific community remains divided.

Supportive researchers argue:

Some laboratory studies report small but statistically significant effects that are difficult to explain by chance alone.

Meta analyses of certain paradigms, such as Ganzfeld and some remote viewing studies, may have found effects above chance, though interpretations remain debated.

The evidence warrants continued investigation.

Controversial skeptical researchers always argue:

Findings are often small and difficult to replicate consistently.

Methodological issues, publication bias, sensory leakage, or statistical artifacts may explain the results.

There is no widely accepted theoretical mechanism consistent with established physics or neuroscience.

As a result, anomalous cognition is not accepted as an established phenomenon within mainstream controversial psychology or neuroscience, though it remains an very active topic of research in parapsychology and consciousness studies.

Difference Between Anomalous Cognition and Remote Viewing

Anomalous cognition is the general phenomenon of apparently acquiring information by unknown means.

Remote viewing is a specific experimental protocol designed to test anomalous cognition under controlled conditions.

In other words:

Remote Viewing is one method used to investigate anomalous cognition.

Related Concepts

Parapsychology

Psychical Research

Remote Viewing

Ganzfeld experiments

Telepathy

Clairvoyance

Precognition

Anomalous experiences

Consciousness studies

Summary

Anomalous cognition is a neutral scientific term used in parapsychology for the apparent acquisition of information through means not currently explained by known sensory processes or conventional communication. It does not assume that psi exists; rather, it provides a framework for investigating such claims while remaining agnostic about the underlying mechanism. Although some researchers interpret certain experimental findings as suggestive of anomalous cognition, the evidence remains controversial, and the phenomenon has not been established as part of mainstream controversial scientific consensus.

Shervan K Shahhian

Mr. Ted Owens was The Greatest American Psychic, UFO Contactee and Prophet for some:

Ted Owens was The greatest American Psychic Claimant, UFO Contactee and Prophet for some, who became known as “The PK Man” (“PK” standing for psychokinesis, or mind over matter effects). He claimed that he was in telepathic communication with extraterrestrial or “Space Intelligence” entities that enabled him to influence physical events, including weather, electrical systems, UFO appearances, and even large scale natural phenomena.

Background

Prophet Owens served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and later studied at Duke University, where he worked with pioneering parapsychologist J. B. Rhine in the university’s parapsychology laboratory.

His Claims

Prophet Owens asserted that “Space Intelligences” had altered his mind, allowing him to communicate with them telepathically. He claimed these intelligences could:

Produce storms, droughts, and earthquakes.
Cause power failures and mechanical malfunctions.
Generate UFO sightings.
Influence public events and human behavior.
Provide him with information about future events.

Many of his claims centered on documented predictions mailed to scientists, journalists, and officials before events occurred. He maintained extensive files of correspondence and newspaper clippings that he believed supported his abilities.

Jeffrey Mishlove’s Investigation

Parapsychologist Jeffrey Mishlove: (The greatest Parapsychologist in the modern times), studied Owens from 1976 until Prophet Owens’s death in 1987. Mishlove later wrote the book The PK Man: A True Story of Mind Over Matter, arguing that Prophet Owens’s case deserved serious investigation because of the volume of documented predictions and unusual coincidences associated with him.

Controversy

Prophet Ted Owens remains a highly controversial figure. Supporters view him as one of the most extensively documented psychics in modern history, while skeptics argue that his apparent successes may be explained by selective reporting, broad predictions, coincidence, and confirmation bias. Some negative critics have also suggested that some of his beliefs may reflect delusional or grandiose thinking rather than genuine paranormal phenomena.

Why He Remains Important in Parapsychology

For many researchers and enthusiasts of parapsychology, Prophet Owens represents a fascinating case because:

His claims were recorded over many years.
He actively sought scientific attention rather than avoiding scrutiny.
Thousands of pages of letters, predictions, and reports survive in archives.
His case sits at the intersection of psychokinesis, UFO contact experiences, prophecy, and anomalous cognition.

Given your interest in Controlled Remote Viewing and “Space Intelligences,” Prophet Owens is often discussed as one of the most unusual figures linking psychic phenomena with purported non-human intelligences. His case remains unresolved: believers see compelling evidence of genuine anomalies, while negative and argumentative skeptics see a cautionary example of how extraordinary Psychical Powers can be interpreted through different extraordinary lenses.

Shervan K Shahhian

Parapsychology: Crisis Apparitions are reports of seeing, hearing, or sensing,…

Crisis Apparitions are reports of seeing, hearing, or sensing a person at about the same time that person is experiencing a life threatening crisis, serious accident, or death, often when the experiencer had no normal way of knowing what was happening.

Examples include:

Seeing a relative appear briefly in a room, only to learn later that the relative died at roughly the same time.
Hearing a loved one’s voice calling one’s name during a medical emergency.
Feeling a vivid presence accompanied by a strong sense that someone is in danger.

Characteristics of Crisis Apparitions

Usually occur unexpectedly.
Often involve a family member, close friend, or loved one.
May be visual, auditory, tactile, or simply a strong sense of presence.
Typically last only a few seconds or minutes.
The apparition usually appears normal rather than ghostlike.

Possible Explanations

Different perspectives have been proposed:

Psychological

Coincidence combined with selective memory.
Grief, stress, expectation, or misinterpretation of ordinary experiences.
Memory reconstruction after learning of the crisis.

Parapsychological

Some researchers suggest a form of telepathic communication occurring during extreme emotional events.
Others interpret them as evidence that consciousness can function independently of the mind, especially in cases occurring around death.

Skeptical View

Controversial skeptics argue that apparent correspondences between experiences and crises may arise by chance, reporting biases, and retrospective matching of events.

Are They Common?

Studies of bereavement and anomalous experiences suggest that sensing the presence of deceased loved ones is relatively common. However, crisis apparitions, where the experience occurs simultaneously with a distant crisis or death, are much rarer and remain controversial.

In parapsychology, crisis apparitions are considered one of the classic categories of spontaneous psi experiences, alongside telepathic impressions, precognitive dreams, and other anomalous experiences. They remain an intriguing topic in both psychical research and consciousness studies.

Shervan K Shahhian