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Biopsychosocial Model, what is it:

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The Biopsychosocial Model is a framework that might be used in medicine, psychology, and behavioral science to understand health, illness, and human behavior as the result of three interacting systems: biological, psychological, and social factors.

This idea might challenge to the purely biomedical model of disease?

Idea

The model could proposes that no illness or psychological condition has a single cause. Instead, it might emerge from the interaction of multiple layers of influence.

1. Biological Factors “CONSULT WITH A MEDICAL DOCTOR”

Physical and physiological processes in the body.

Examples:

Genetics
Brain chemistry and neurobiology
Hormones
Physical injury or disease
Sleep and nutrition

Example:
Depression may involve serotonin imbalance, genetics, or inflammation, “CONSULT WITH A MEDICAL DOCTOR”

2. Psychological Factors

Mental and emotional processes that influence behavior and health.

Examples:

Thoughts and beliefs
Personality traits
Coping skills
Trauma history
Stress perception

Example:
Two people with the same illness may respond to treatment very differently depending on their beliefs, coping style, or resilience.

3. Social Factors

Environmental and cultural influences affecting a person.

Examples:

Family relationships
Culture and religion
Socioeconomic status
Social support
Life events

Example:
Strong social support may improve recovery from illness, while isolation can worsen outcomes.

Simple Example

Consider chronic pain: “CONSULT WITH A MEDICAL DOCTOR”

Dimension	Example
Biological	Nerve injury or inflammation
Psychological	Catastrophic thinking about pain
Social	Work stress or lack of support

All three together may or may not shape the severity and persistence of pain

Why It Is Important

The model might effect modern healthcare by encouraging holistic treatment.

Treatment may include:

Medical care “CONSULT WITH A MEDICAL DOCTOR”
Psychotherapy
Lifestyle changes
Social support interventions

This model could be influenced by fields like:

Health Psychology
Behavioral Medicine
Psychosomatic Medicine
Shervan K Shahhian

The 3 Main Models Parapsychologists might use to explain Anomalous Experiences:

In Parapsychology, researchers may often use three main explanatory models to understand anomalous experiences (apparitions, telepathy, precognition, near-death visions, or contact experiences). These models may not necessarily compete; some researchers treat them as different explanatory levels.

1. The Psi (Survival / Extrasensory) Model

This could be the traditional parapsychological model.

Core idea:
Some anomalous experiences may involve genuine psi abilities or survival of consciousness beyond the body.

Examples:

Extrasensory Perception (ESP): telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
Psychokinesis (PK): mind influencing matter
Apparitions of deceased individuals
Veridical perceptions during Near-Death Experience

Interpretation:

Consciousness may extend beyond the brain.
Some experiences may reflect actual information transfer or survival of consciousness after death.

This model is commonly used in:

survival research
mediumship studies
remote viewing research (including protocols such as Controlled Remote Viewing)

2. The Psychological / Experiential Model

This model emphasizes human psychology rather than external paranormal forces.

Core idea:
Many anomalous experiences may arise from normal psychological processes that feel extraordinary.

Key factors studied include:

Dissociation
Absorption (psychology) (deep imaginative focus)
grief-related visions
sleep paralysis
hypnagogic imagery
expectation and belief

Example:
A bereaved person seeing a deceased loved one may be interpreted as a grief-induced perceptual experience, not necessarily a spirit encounter.

This model could overlap with:

clinical psychology
cognitive psychology
trauma research

3. The Experiential / Constructivist Model

This model might focus on how people interpret unusual experiences, regardless of their ultimate cause.

Please note that:
Anomalous experiences may be genuine subjective events, but their meaning is constructed through culture, beliefs, and worldview.

Researchers might study:

cultural interpretations of visions
spiritual frameworks
mythic and symbolic meaning

For example:

A Christian might interpret a vision as an angel.
A UFO experiencer might interpret it as extraterrestrial contact.
A mystic might see it as spiritual awakening.

This model connects with:

Transpersonal Psychology
Anthropology
consciousness studies.

In summary

Model	Main Explanation	Focus
Psi Model	Real paranormal processes	ESP, survival, PK
Psychological Model	Internal mental processes	cognition, perception, grief
Constructivist Model	Cultural interpretation of experiences	meaning and worldview

Interesting point:
Some modern researchers might combine these models into a “multi-layered explanation”, recognizing that an anomalous experience might involve psychological processes, cultural interpretation, and “possibly” psi elements simultaneously.

Shervan K Shahhian

First-Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia (FRS), an explanation:

It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

Also, PLEASE: CONSULT WITH A PSYCHIATRIC

First-Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia (FRS) could be a group of symptoms. It could be believed these symptoms were especially characteristic of Schizophrenia and could help distinguish it from other psychiatric conditions.

Core Idea

FRS can be disturbances in the sense of self, where a person experiences their thoughts, actions, or perceptions as being controlled or influenced by an external force.

The Main First-Rank Symptoms

1. Auditory Hallucinations (Voices)

Hearing voices that:
- Comment on one’s actions (“He is walking now…”)
- Argue or discuss the person (voices talking about them in third person)

2. Thought Insertion

Belief that thoughts might be placed into one’s mind by an external agent

3. Thought Withdrawal

Belief that thoughts could be removed or stolen from the mind

4. Thought Broadcasting

Belief that one’s thoughts are accessible to others, as if “broadcasted”

5. Delusions of Control (Passivity Experiences)

Feeling that one’s:
- Actions
- Emotions
- Impulses
  are being controlled by an outside force

6. Delusional Perception

A normal perception (seeing a traffic light turn red) is given a bizarre, personal meaning
- Example: “The red light means I am chosen for a mission”

Clinical Notes

FRS might not be exclusive to schizophrenia (they could appear in other disorders), but they could be highly suggestive.
Modern systems might not rely solely on FRS for diagnosis.
Diagnosis might require a broader pattern of symptoms, including:
- Negative symptoms (flat affect)
- Disorganized thinking
- Functional impairment

Conceptual Importance

FRS highlight a breakdown in some philosophers might call the “sense of agency”, the feeling that:

“My thoughts are mine”
“I am the author of my actions”

In schizophrenia, this boundary could become disrupted.

(Parapsychology)

Some FRS especially thought insertion or voices might superficially resemble:

Telepathic experiences
External intelligence communication

However, in psychology, these could be understood as internally generated experiences misattributed to external sources, rather than veridical external communication.

Shervan K Shahhian

Telepathic hallucinations, what are they:

It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

“ALSO CONSULT WITH A PSYCHIATRIST”

Telepathic hallucinations is a term sometimes used in psychology and other related fields to describe an experience in which a person believes they are receiving thoughts, messages, or communications telepathically, but the experience is interpreted clinically as a hallucinatory or delusional perception rather than actual telepathy.

It sits at the intersection of hallucinations, delusional beliefs, and anomalous experiences.

1. Clinical Psychology Definition

Telepathic hallucinations usually might fall under auditory or thought-related hallucinations combined with delusions of telepathy.

Typical features include:

Believing someone is sending thoughts into one’s mind
Feeling that others can hear or read one’s thoughts
Perceiving silent messages without sensory input
Interpreting internal thoughts as coming from another person

These experiences can occur in disorders such as:

Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Severe stress or trauma

Psychiatrists often classify them under passivity experiences or thought interference. It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

2. Types of Telepathic-Like Experiences in Psychiatry, It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

Thought Insertion

The person believes thoughts are placed into their mind by someone else.

Thought Broadcasting

The belief that one’s thoughts are being transmitted to others.

Thought Withdrawal

The feeling that someone is removing thoughts from the mind.

These phenomena might have been described by some psychiatrist
as first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia.

3. Psychological Mechanism (Clinical Explanation) It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

Psychologists may explain these experiences through disruptions in self-monitoring of thoughts.

Normally the brain tags thoughts as self-generated.
In certain conditions, this mechanism fails, leading to:

Internal thoughts perceived as external
Inner speech mistaken for communication
Misattribution of mental events

Brain regions involved often include: It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

the temporal lobes?
the default mode network?
language areas involved in inner speech?

4. Parapsychology Perspective

It’s worth noting that the field treats these experiences differently.

Researchers might distinguish between:

1. Psychopathological hallucinations

Mental health conditions producing telepathic beliefs. It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

2. Misinterpreted anomalous cognition

A genuine psi experience interpreted incorrectly.

3. Psi-mediated information

Some parapsychologists propose that telepathic impressions may occur but be filtered through imagination or dreams.

Researchers such as
J. B. Rhine and
William G. Roll
suggested that some experiences labeled hallucinations could involve psi processes mixed with normal cognition. It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

This idea overlaps with the Super-Psi model.

5. Distinguishing Telepathic Hallucinations from Other Experiences

Feature	Psychiatric Hallucination	Anomalous Experience (Parapsychology)
Control	Uncontrollable	Often spontaneous but meaningful
Emotional tone	Distressing or intrusive	Neutral or meaningful
Consistency	Disorganized	Sometimes coherent
Functioning	Often impaired	Usually preserved

However, some clinicians default to the psychiatric explanation unless strong evidence suggests otherwise. It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

In summary:
Telepathic hallucinations maybe perceived as mental communications that feels telepathic but could be interpreted clinically as hallucinations or delusional beliefs, often due to misattribution of internal thoughts.

Shervan K Shahhian

Gustatory Hallucinations, an explanation:

It is recommended that persons suffering from hallucinations get a medical evaluation.

Gustatory hallucinations are perceptions of taste that might occur without any actual food or substance in the mouth. The person genuinely experiences a taste sensation even though there is no physical stimulus activating the taste receptors on the tongue.

1. What They Feel Like

People experiencing gustatory hallucinations might report:

A metallic taste
A bitter or foul taste
A sweet or salty taste
A burnt or chemical flavor
A taste that comes and goes suddenly

The sensation may occur briefly or persistently, and sometimes appears together with smell hallucinations (called olfactory hallucinations).

2. Common Causes in Clinical Psychology & Medicine

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Neurological Conditions

Gustatory hallucinations are often linked to disturbances in brain areas involved in taste processing.

Examples include: “PLEASE CONSULT WITH NEUROLOGIST, and PSYCHIATRIST.”

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Brain tumors affecting the insular cortex or temporal lobe
Stroke
Head injury
Neurodegenerative disorders

In epilepsy, the taste hallucination may occur as an aura before a seizure. “PLEASE CONSULT WITH NEUROLOGIST, and PSYCHIATRIST.”

Psychiatric Disorders “PLEASE CONSULT WITH NEUROLOGIST, and PSYCHIATRIST.”

They can also appear in some psychiatric conditions such as:

Schizophrenia
Severe mood disorders with psychotic features
Certain trauma-related conditions

However, gustatory hallucinations maybe rare in psychiatric disorders compared to auditory hallucinations.

Medical & Medication Causes

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Other possible causes include:

Side effects of medications?
Infections?
Dental or oral conditions?
Chemotherapy?
Certain toxins or metabolic disorders?

3. In Parapsychology

Parapsychology, gustatory hallucinations are sometimes discussed in relation to anomalous sensory experiences.

For example:

In apparitional or religious experiences, people might occasionally report unusual tastes associated with visions or presences.
Some researchers classify them as part of multi-sensory anomalous experiences, though they are much less reported than visual or auditory phenomena.

In parapsychological research, the key question becomes whether the experience contains veridical information or meaningful patterns that cannot be explained by conventional mechanisms.

4. Clinical vs Non-Clinical Interpretation

Clinical Psychology	Parapsychology
Brain or psychiatric disturbance	Possible anomalous sensory perception
Could be linked to neurological dysfunction	Examined for informational or symbolic content
Focus on diagnosis and treatment	Focus on explanatory models

Important: Gustatory hallucinations have neurological or medical explanations, so clinicians usually recommend medical evaluation if they occur repeatedly.

“PLEASE CONSULT WITH NEUROLOGIST, and PSYCHIATRIST.”

Interesting research note: Among bereavement-related anomalous experiences, sensory experiences might be visual or auditory, while taste and smell experiences are rare.

There are 4 types of hallucinations, psychologists might classify by sensory modality (and where gustatory hallucinations fit). It’s a useful framework in both clinical psychology and parapsychology research.

Shervan K Shahhian

Callous-Unemotional Traits (CU), what are they:

Callous–Unemotional (CU) traits are a cluster of personality characteristics studied within psychology and developmental psychopathology, especially in relation to youth with severe conduct problems.

They are considered a specifier in the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder.

Core Features of CU Traits

Individuals high in CU traits typically might show:

Low empathy (reduced concern for others’ feelings)
Lack of guilt or remorse
Shallow or blunted emotional expression
Indifference to performance or punishment
Callousness (using others without concern)

These traits are conceptually related to the affective dimension of psychopathy, but CU traits focus more narrowly on emotional deficits rather than full personality structure.

Key Contributing Factors

1. Biological / Temperamental Factors

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Low emotional reactivity (especially to fear and distress cues)
Reduced sensitivity in systems linked to threat processing (often associated with the amygdala)
Genetic influences (moderate heritability)

These individuals often don’t experience distress the same way, which affects moral learning.

2. Cognitive Affective Processing Differences

Difficulty recognizing fear or sadness in others
Reduced responsiveness to punishment cues
Atypical reward processing (may be more reward-driven than punishment-avoidant)

This helps explain why traditional discipline may be less effective.

3. Attachment and Early Environment

Insecure or disrupted attachment
Low parental warmth (especially lack of emotional responsiveness)
Harsh, inconsistent, or neglectful parenting

Important nuance:
CU traits are not solely caused by environment, they often emerge from an interaction between temperament and caregiving.

4. Learning and Socialization Factors

Poor internalization of moral norms
Less sensitivity to social reinforcement (approval/disapproval)
Reduced capacity for guilt-based learning

5. Trauma and Adversity (Context-Dependent)

In some cases, emotional numbing may resemble CU traits
However, true CU traits differ from trauma-related detachment:
- Trauma: emotional overactivation or dissociation
- CU: baseline low emotional responsiveness

6. Neurobiological Correlates

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Research (especially neuroimaging) suggests:

Reduced amygdala activation to distress cues
Differences in prefrontal regulation (decision-making, moral reasoning)

Clinical Importance

CU traits could be associated with:

More severe and persistent antisocial behavior
Early-onset conduct problems
Increased risk for adult Antisocial Personality Disorder

They also predict treatment resistance, but importantly, not treatment impossibility.

Treatment Implications

Standard punishment-based approaches might be less effective. More effective strategies include:

Warm, consistent parenting interventions
Reward-based systems (rather than punishment-heavy)
Emotion recognition training
Building attachment and prosocial motivation

A Subtle but Important Distinction

From a psychological and parapsychological perspective, CU traits raise interesting questions:

Are these individuals emotionally under-responsive, or simply processing affect differently?
Do they lack empathy, or is empathy uncoupled from behavioral inhibition?

Modern research might lean towards neurodevelopmental affective deficits, rather than absence of consciousness or moral awareness.

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Shervan K Shahhian

Extreme Empathic Sensitivity, explained:

Extreme Empathic Sensitivity it may not be a formal diagnosis, but it’s a concept often used in psychology and related fields to describe individuals who experience empathy at unusually high intensity, emotionally, cognitively, and even physically.

Here’s a clear, grounded way to understand it:

What it Means

Extreme empathic sensitivity refers to a heightened ability to:

Feel others’ emotions deeply: (affective empathy)
Understand others’ inner states quickly: (cognitive empathy)
Absorb emotional energy: almost as if it were your own

Some people describe it as “emotional permeability”, very thin psychological boundaries between self and others.

Core Features

1. Emotional Absorption

You don’t just recognize feelings, you experience them
Being around distress can feel overwhelming or draining

2. Hyper-Attunement

Picking up subtle cues (tone shifts, microexpressions, body language)
Often accurate, but can also lead to over-interpretation

3. Somatic Empathy

Physical sensations linked to others’ emotions(chest tightness when someone is anxious)

4. Boundary Diffusion

Difficulty separating:
- “What I feel” vs “what they feel”
It might lead to emotional exhaustion or identity blurring

When It Becomes Problematic

At extreme levels, it may overlap with or resemble:

Hyper Empathy
Sensory Processing Sensitivity: (often called “Highly Sensitive Person”)
Borderline Personality Disorder: (intense emotional reactivity and interpersonal sensitivity)
Autism Spectrum Disorder: (some individuals show hyper-empathy, not just deficits)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: (hypervigilance: emotional scanning of others)

It can also contribute to:

Burnout (especially in therapists, caregivers, first responders)
Compassion fatigue
Anxiety or emotional flooding

Possible Mechanisms

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Mirror neuron system hyper-reactivity
Heightened limbic system responsiveness (especially amygdala)
Learned adaptation (growing up in unpredictable environments: scanning others for safety)
Trait-level sensitivity

Adaptive vs Maladaptive

Adaptive side:

Deep compassion and connection
Strong intuition about people
Therapeutic or caregiving strengths

Maladaptive side:

Emotional overwhelm
Poor boundaries
Identity diffusion
Susceptibility to manipulation or emotional contagion

Clinical Perspective (Important Distinction)

In psychology, they may not typically treat “extreme empathy” itself as a disorder. Instead, they might assess it as:

Regulation (Can the person modulate empathic input?)
Boundaries (Can they differentiate self vs other?)
Functioning (Is it impairing daily life?)

Regulation Strategies

For someone with extreme empathic sensitivity, the goal might not be to reduce empathy, but to regulate and channel it:

Affect labeling (“This feeling belongs to them, not me”)
Grounding techniques (body awareness, breath)
Controlled exposure to emotional environments
Boundary-setting training
Reflective distancing (observer stance)

From a Parapsychology Lens

In parapsychology, extreme empathy might be sometimes framed as:

Psi-mediated emotional perception
A form of telepathic or anomalous emotional coupling

But in psychology, it might be explained through:

Neurobiological sensitivity (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)
Cognitive-emotional processing patterns

Bottom Line

Extreme empathic sensitivity: empathy without sufficient regulation or boundaries.

It’s not inherently pathological, but without balance, it can become psychologically costly.

Shervan K Shahhian

Hyper Empathy Disorder, an explanation:

“Hyper Empathy Disorder” isn’t an official clinical diagnosis, but the term is maybe used informally to describe extremely heightened emotional sensitivity to others’ feelings, sometimes to a distressing degree.

What people usually mean by “hyper empathy”

It refers to an exaggerated form of empathy, where a person might:

Feels others’ emotions very intensely (almost as if they’re their own)
Has difficulty separating their own feelings from others’
Becomes overwhelmed in emotionally charged environments
May experience strong compassion,but also emotional exhaustion

Is it a real disorder?

Not as a standalone diagnosis.

However, hyper-empathic traits can appear in several recognized conditions or personality patterns.

Where “hyper empathy” may show up clinically

1. Personality traits / temperament

Highly sensitive individuals (sometimes called “empaths” in popular psychology)
Strong emotional attunement and intuition
Not pathological unless it causes impairment

2. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Intense emotional reactions to others
Rapid shifts in empathy (idealization: devaluation)
Emotional boundaries can be unstable

3. Autism Spectrum Disorder (possibly in some cases)

Contrary to stereotypes, some individuals experience hyper-empathy
Emotional overwhelm rather than lack of empathy

4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Heightened sensitivity to emotional cues
Hypervigilance can amplify empathic responses

5. Codependency (may not be a formal diagnosis)

Over-focus on others’ emotions and needs
Difficulty prioritizing self-care

Psychological understanding

Psychological perspective, what’s called “hyper empathy” is usually:

High affective empathy (feeling others’ emotions)
Combined with low emotional boundaries or regulation

This can lead to:

Emotional contagion
Compassion fatigue
Anxiety or burnout

Important distinction

In psychology vs parapsychology:

Clinical psychology: might explain this as emotional processing, attachment patterns, and regulation issues
Parapsychology: may interpret this as extreme empathy:
- Telepathic sensitivity
- Psi-mediated emotional transfer
- A form of “living-agent psi” (similar to Super-Psi)

There’s no scientific consensus supporting psi explanations, but they’re part of theoretical discourse in parapsychology.

When it becomes a problem

“Hyper empathy” crosses into dysfunction when it causes:

Emotional overwhelm or burnout
Loss of identity (over-merging with others)
Avoidance of social situations due to overload
Chronic stress or anxiety

The Bottom line

Not an official disorder
Best understood as extreme empathic sensitivity
Can be a strength (compassion, intuition) or a liability (overwhelm) depending on regulation and boundaries
Shervan K Shahhian

Empathy Deficit Disorder, what is it:

Empathy Deficit Disorder may not be an official diagnosis, but it’s a useful descriptive term clinicians and researchers sometimes use to talk about reduced ability to understand or feel others’ emotions.

Think of it less as a single disorder and more as a feature or symptom that can show up in different conditions.

What “empathy deficit” actually means

Empathy has two main components:

Cognitive empathy: understanding what someone else feels
Affective empathy: actually feeling or resonating with their emotions

An empathy deficit may involve:

Difficulty recognizing emotional cues
Limited emotional responsiveness
Indifference to others’ distress
Trouble perspective-taking

Where empathy deficits are commonly seen

1. Antisocial Personality Disorder

Often associated with low affective empathy
Individuals may understand emotions cognitively but lack concern
May involve manipulation, lack of remorse

2. Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Empathy is impaired but not absent
Often fluctuates depending on self-interest
Difficulty valuing others’ emotional experiences

3. Autism Spectrum Disorder

Might involve differences in cognitive empathy
Some individuals have intact or even heightened emotional empathy, but struggle to interpret social cues
Important distinction: not a lack of caring, but a difference in processing

4. Psychopathy

Marked by profound affective empathy deficits
Often intact cognitive empathy (can read others well)
Associated with callous-unemotional traits

5. Neurological or psychiatric conditions

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Brain injury (especially frontal lobe)
Schizophrenia
Frontotemporal Dementia

Clinical vs. everyday usage

In everyday language, some might say “empathy deficit disorder” to describe:

Chronic emotional coldness
Social disconnection
Perceived lack of compassion

But clinically, some would instead:

Assess underlying diagnosis
Evaluate empathy dimensions separately
Consider developmental, neurological, and personality

A more precise clinical framing

“Empathy deficits are a transdiagnostic feature involving impairments in affective and/or cognitive empathy, varying across personality, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychiatric conditions.” CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST and/or PSYCHIATRIST

Important nuance (maybe overlooked)

Please note that, Not all “low empathy” is pathological:

Trauma: emotional numbing
Burnout: reduced emotional bandwidth
Cultural/social conditioning: restricted expression
Defensive detachment: learned coping

(Parapsychology)

There’s an interesting overlap with:

Emotional blunting vs. psi sensitivity claims
Cases where individuals report reduced empathy but increased perceptual anomalies

This raises questions about:

Filtering vs. openness of consciousness
Emotional gating mechanisms

(Please note that this may not be established science, but it could be discussed in fringe and parapsychological models)

Shervan K Shahhian

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome(AIWS), what is it:

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Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) could be a rare neurological condition that affects how a person perceives their body or surroundings.

What it might feel like

People with AIWS may not hallucinate in the usual sense, they misperceive reality. Common experiences could include:

Objects appearing much smaller (micropsia) or larger (macropsia) than they really are
Feeling like your body parts are distorted (e.g., hands suddenly seem huge or tiny)
Distorted sense of distance (things seem closer or farther away than they are)
Altered perception of time (time feels sped up or slowed down)

These episodes can last from a few minutes to about half an hour.

Possible Causes

AIWS is maybe linked to:

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Migraines (especially in children and teens)
Viral infections (like Epstein–Barr virus/mono)
Epilepsy
Brain lesions or trauma (rare)
Certain medications or substances: CONSULT WITH A PSYCHIATRIST

Who might get it?

Children, but adults can experience it too
Some might outgrow it, especially if it’s linked to infections: CONSULT WITH A MEDICAL DOCTOR

Is it dangerous?

The syndrome itself may not be usually harmful
But it could be confusing or scary, especially during episodes
It’s important to rule out underlying causes (like migraines or neurological issues) CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST and/or MEDICAL DOCTOR

Possible Treatment

There’s may or may not be a specific cure, but management focuses on the possible cause:

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Migraine treatment if migraines are involved
Treating infections
Monitoring neurological health
Shervan K Shahhian