Attention Training, what is it:

Attention training is the deliberate practice of strengthening your ability to focus, sustain, shift, and control attention, instead of letting it be pulled around by distractions, impulses, or emotional triggers.

In psychology, attention may not be a single skill; it could be a system you can train much like a muscle.


Core Components of Attention Training

  1. Sustained Attention
    Staying focused over time (reading without drifting)
  2. Selective Attention
    Filtering out distractions (focusing in a noisy room)
  3. Executive Control
    Choosing what to focus on and resisting impulses
  4. Attentional Shifting
    Moving focus flexibly when needed (task-switching without losing efficiency)

Evidence-Based Attention Training Methods

1. Mindfulness Training

Rooted in practices:

  • Focus on the breath or body sensations
  • Notice when attention drifts, gently bring it back
  • Builds meta-awareness (awareness of attention itself)

Effect: Improves sustained attention and emotional regulation


2. Focused Attention Exercises

  • Pick a single object (breath, sound, visual point)
  • Maintain attention for a set time (5–10 minutes)
  • Restart when distracted

This is like “reps” for your attentional system.


3. Cognitive Training Tasks

Maybe used in neuropsychology and ADHD interventions:

  • Continuous Performance Tasks (CPT)
  • Dual n-back tasks
  • Stroop tasks

Effect: Strengthens executive control and working memory


4. Environmental Structuring

  • Remove distractions (phone, notifications)
  • Use time blocks (25-minute focus sessions)

This may support attention externally while you build it internally.


5. Attentional Control Training (ACT)

Maybe used in anxiety treatment:

  • Deliberately shift attention between stimuli (sound, sight, body)
  • Trains flexibility and reduces fixation (rumination)

6. Physical Foundations

Sometimes overlooked but critical:

  • Sleep quality
  • Exercise (especially aerobic and anaerobic)
  • Nutrition: Non-GMO foods, please consult a clinical Dietician

These directly affect attentional capacity and fatigue.


Clinical Applications

Attention training is used for:

  • ADHD
  • Anxiety disorders (reducing hypervigilance)
  • Depression (interrupting rumination)
  • Addiction (impulse control)
  • Trauma (stabilizing focus and grounding)

A Deeper Insight

From a psychological and parapsychological lens, attention training is essentially about “attentional sovereignty”, regaining control over where consciousness is allocated.

Untrained attention is:

  • Reactive
  • Fragmented
  • Stimulus-driven

Trained attention becomes:

  • Intentional
  • Stable
  • Directed

In fields like Controlled Remote Viewing (CRV), this becomes crucial, because attention is treated not just as cognition, but as a targeting mechanism of awareness.


Simple Daily Protocol (5–15 minutes)

  • 5 min: Breath-focused attention
  • 5 min: Open monitoring (notice thoughts without engaging)
  • Optional: 5 min deliberate shifting (sound, body, visual field)
  • Shervan K Shahhian

Somatic Rituals, what are they:

Somatic rituals are structured, repeated body-based practices used to regulate emotions, stabilize identity, and create a sense of safety through the nervous system.

They may sit at the intersection of body awareness (somatic) and ritualized behavior (repetition with meaning).


What “somatic” means

“Somatic” may come from the body. In psychology and neuroscience, it may refer to:

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  • Physical sensations (heartbeat, tension, breath)
  • Body posture and movement
  • Nervous system states (calm, fight/flight, freeze)

What makes something a “ritual”

A ritual is:

  • Repetitive
  • Intentional
  • Predictable
  • Often symbolic or meaningful

When you combine both, somatic rituals: meaningful, repeated body actions that regulate inner states.


Examples of Somatic Rituals

These maybe simple or highly structured:

1. Grounding rituals

  • Placing feet firmly on the floor
  • Slow, deliberate breathing
  • Touching objects with awareness

It might help reduce anxiety and dissociation


2. Movement-based rituals

  • Yoga flows
  • Stretching sequences
  • Walking in a specific rhythm

It might help discharge stress and restore regulation


3. Self-soothing rituals

  • Hand on heart or chest
  • Rocking gently
  • Wrapping in a blanket

It may mimic early attachment regulation


4. Performance rituals

  • Pre-performance breathing routines
  • Repeated gestures before competition

Stabilizes may focus and reduces performance anxiety


5. Trauma-informed somatic practices

It maybe used in approaches like Somatic Experiencing or Sensorimotor Psychotherapy:

  • Orienting to the environment
  • Pendulation (moving between tension and safety)
  • Controlled activation and release

Why Somatic Rituals Matter

They could work because they bypass purely cognitive processing and go it may go directly to the nervous system?

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Key effects:

  • Regulate the autonomic nervous system
  • Reduce anxiety and compulsive behaviors
  • Increase body awareness (interoception)
  • Stabilize identity and emotional states
  • Create predictability and safety

Clinical Insight (important distinction)

Not all rituals are healthy.

  • Adaptive somatic rituals: grounding, calming, integrating
  • Maladaptive rituals: compulsive, rigid, anxiety-driven (in OCD)

The difference is:
 Is the ritual increasing flexibility and regulation, or reinforcing fear and compulsion?

Shervan K Shahhian


Simple Example

Instead of:

  • Overthinking stress

A somatic ritual would be:

  • Pause
  • Place hand on chest
  • Take 5 slow breaths
  • Feel the body settle

That’s a bottom-up intervention.

Pre-Performance Routine, explained:

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A pre-performance routine (PPR) could be a structured set of mental and physical actions you do right before performing, whether in sports, public speaking, therapy sessions, exams, or even creative work. Its purpose could stabilize attention, regulate arousal, and optimize performance consistency.


Core Idea

You may think of it as a psychological “launch sequence”, a repeatable ritual that puts your mind and body into the ideal state for performance.

It may widely be used in fields like:

  • Sports psychology (routines before a free throw or serve)
  • Performing arts (actors, musicians)
  • Clinical and professional settings (therapists preparing for sessions)

Key Components

1. Centering / Physiological Regulation

  • Slow breathing (4–6 breaths per minute)
  • Muscle relaxation
  • Grounding

It might reduce anxiety and prevents over-arousal.


2. Attentional Focus

  • Narrowing attention to task-relevant cues
  • Blocking distractions

Example: focusing only on the ball, audience, or first line of a speech.


3. Mental Rehearsal (Imagery)

  • Visualizing successful execution
  • Engaging sensory detail

This might draw from principles studied in Sports Psychology and Cognitive Psychology.


4. Self-Talk

  • Short, directive phrases:
    • “Stay smooth”
    • “One step at a time”
  • Can be motivational or instructional

5. Behavioral Ritual

  • A consistent physical sequence (bouncing a ball, adjusting posture)
  • Acts as a conditioned trigger for performance readiness

Why It Works

A PPR may help regulate the inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance:

  • Too little arousal, underperformance
  • Too much arousal, anxiety, choking
  • Optimal zone, peak performance

Example (Simple Routine)

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A 60-second PPR might look like:

  1. Take 3 slow breaths
  2. Say a cue word: “Focus”
  3. Visualize the first successful action
  4. Adopt a confident posture
  5. Begin immediately

Clinical / Psychological Angle

From a behavioral perspective, PPRs function like:

  • Stimulus control (cue, performance mode)
  • Conditioned response chains
  • A way to reduce performance anxiety and “choking”

They overlap with techniques used in:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (self-talk, restructuring)
  • Mindfulness-based interventions (present-moment awareness)

Important Distinction

A healthy PPR is:

  • Flexible
  • Performance-enhancing

But it might become maladaptive if it turns rigid or compulsive (overlapping with traits seen in perfectionism or obsessive patterns).

Shervan K Shahhian

Tourette Syndrome, what is it:

Tourette Syndrome (TS) could be a neurodevelopmental condition: (PLEASE CONSULT WITH a PSYCHIATRIST and/or NEUROLOGIST) characterized by involuntary movements and sounds called tics. It might typically begin in childhood?


Core Features

1. Motor Tics (movement-based)

  • Eye blinking
  • Facial grimacing
  • Shoulder shrugging
  • Head jerking

2. Vocal (Phonic) Tics

  • Throat clearing
  • Grunting or sniffing
  • Repeating words or phrases

In some cases (Some), individuals may exhibit coprolalia (involuntary swearing), though this might occur in a minority.


Diagnostic Criteria (Simplified)

  • Both motor and vocal tics present at some point
  • May persist for more than 1 year
  • Possible onset before age 18
  • May not caused by substances or another condition

Causes & Mechanisms

TS could be linked to differences in brain circuits, involving:

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  • Basal ganglia
  • Dopamine regulation

It is considered multifactorial:

  • Genetic predisposition
  • Neurobiological factors: (PLEASE CONSULT WITH a NEUROLOGIST)
  • Environmental influences

Common Co-Occurring Conditions

Some individuals with TS also have:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Learning difficulties

Course & Prognosis

  • Symptoms may peak in early adolescence
  • Some people experience improvement in adulthood
  • Severity varies widely, from mild to impairing

Treatment Approaches

1. Behavioral Therapy (First-line)

  • CBIT (Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics)
    • Teaches awareness plus competing responses

2. Medications

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3. Supportive Strategies

  • Stress management (tics worsen under stress)
  • Psychoeducation for family/school

Important Clarifications

  • TS may not a psychotic disorder
  • Tics are semi-involuntary (people may suppress them briefly, but not indefinitely)
  • Intelligence is typically unaffected

Clinical vs. Experiential Perspective

Perception and anomalous experiences:
Tics in TS could be understood in psychology as neurobiological discharge patterns: (PLEASE CONSULT WITH a PSYCHIATRIST and/or NEUROLOGIST), may not be a telepathic or external signals. However, the subjective urge preceding a tic (“premonitory urge”) might feel internally compelling, sometimes described as almost like an impulse that must be released.

Shervan K Shahhian

General Paresis of the Insane effects on Mental Health, explained:

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General Paresis of the Insane (GPI): a late-stage form of neurosyphilis, has profound and progressive effects on mental health because it directly damages the brain, especially the frontal and temporal lobes.

Mental Health Effects of GPI

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  1. Personality & Behavioral Changes (Often First Signs)

Loss of social inhibitions

Increased impulsivity and risk-taking

Irritability or sudden aggression

Emotional shallowness or apathy

The effected may appear “out of character,” which is often misread as purely psychological.

  1. Mood Disturbances

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Euphoria (classically inappropriate optimism or cheerfulness)

Grandiosity (inflated self-importance; “I am powerful, wealthy, chosen”)

Depression (especially in later stages)

Rapid or unstable mood shifts

This combination can resemble bipolar disorder, but with a neurological basis.

  1. Psychotic Symptoms

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Delusions (often grandiose or paranoid)

Hallucinations (less common, but possible)

Distorted sense of reality

Historically, many GPI patients were diagnosed with “madness” or primary psychosis before the link to syphilis was understood.

  1. Cognitive Decline (Dementia-like Syndrome)

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Memory loss

Impaired attention and concentration

Poor judgment and decision-making

Disorientation

This progresses into a global dementia, sometimes might be resembling Alzheimer’s but with a different cause.

  1. Insight & Self-Awareness Loss

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Patients often lack awareness of their condition

May deny obvious impairments

Poor reality testing

This can make treatment engagement difficult.

  1. Executive Dysfunction (Frontal Lobe Damage)

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Inability to plan or organize

Reduced impulse control

Socially inappropriate behavior

This is why GPI can look like a mix of personality disorder and psychosis.

Clinical Pattern (Classic Progression)

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Subtle personality change

Mood elevation / grandiosity

Cognitive decline

Psychosis and neurological symptoms

Severe dementia and disability

Deeper Clinical Insight (Important perspective)

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GPI is one of the clearest examples in psychiatry where:

A biological insult produces complex psychological phenomena

Grandiose or “revelatory” experiences can emerge from the illness.

Anomalous experiences, telepathic or revelatory states:

In GPI:

Experiences may feel deeply meaningful, expansive, or “special”

But they correlate with cortical degeneration, not enhanced perception

This doesn’t invalidate all anomalous experiences, but it shows:

Some “expanded consciousness” states can be degenerative rather than transcendental

Key Takeaway

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General Paresis of the Insane can mimic:

Bipolar disorder

Schizophrenia

Frontotemporal dementia

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…but it could be a progressive neuroinfectious condition that can possibly fundamentally alters:

Personality

Reality perception

Cognition

Shervan K Shahhian

Highway Hypnosis, what is it:

Highway hypnosis (also called “white line fever”) is a state of automatic driving in which a person operates a vehicle for a long stretch, often on a highway, and later realizes they don’t clearly remember part of the trip.

It’s not literal hypnosis. It’s a form of dissociation and automatic processing.


What Happens Neurologically?

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When driving becomes highly familiar and repetitive:

  • The brain shifts control from conscious, effortful attention (prefrontal cortex) “PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST”
  • To more automatic procedural systems “PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST

This is similar to how we:

  • Type without looking at the keyboard
  • Walk without thinking about each step

Your brain is functioning, just on “autopilot.”


Common Signs

  • Missing exits or road signs
  • Not remembering the last several miles
  • Feeling “zoned out”
  • Arriving at your destination with little recall of the drive
  • Mild time distortion

Importantly:
You are still reacting to traffic cues, just with reduced conscious awareness.


Is It Dangerous?

Maybe.

While reaction time may still be intact, situational awareness decreases, especially if combined with:

  • Fatigue
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Monotonous scenery
  • Long, straight highways
  • Emotional preoccupation
  • Chronic stress

Highway hypnosis differs from microsleep, which is brief actual sleep and far more dangerous.


Psychological Perspective

From a clinical lens, highway hypnosis resembles:

  • Mild dissociation
  • Attentional narrowing
  • Default Mode Network dominance
  • Habit-loop automation

It’s essentially low-arousal cognitive drift.

In people prone to dissociation, trauma, or chronic hyperarousal, it may occur more easily.


How to Prevent It

  • Get adequate sleep
  • Change sensory input (music, podcast, open window)
  • Move your body (shift posture)
  • Take breaks every 1–2 hours
  • Hydrate
  • Engage in mild cognitive activation (e.g., narrate surroundings)

Deeper Angle

There’s an interesting overlap with:

  • Trance states
  • Meditation
  • Flow states
  • Dissociative coping mechanisms

The key difference:
Highway hypnosis is passive and low-awareness, whereas flow is active and high-awareness.

Shervan K Shahhian

Pseudoneurological, what is it:

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Pseudoneurological refers to symptoms that appear neurological (like paralysis, blindness, seizures, numbness, speech problems) but are not caused by structural neurological disease.

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In modern clinical language, this term is largely outdated and has been replaced by more precise diagnoses.“PLEASE CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST/MEDICAL DOCTOR”


Current Clinical Term:

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Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

Previously called Conversion Disorder, FND describes real neurological-type symptoms that arise from dysfunction in brain network processing rather than damage to the nervous system.

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What Pseudoneurological Symptoms Look Like

They can mimic conditions such as: “PLEASE CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST/MEDICAL DOCTOR”

  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Parkinson’s disease

But medical tests (MRI, EEG, neurological exam) do not show structural pathology consistent with the symptoms. “PLEASE CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST/MEDICAL DOCTOR”

Common presentations:

  • Non-epileptic seizures (psychogenic seizures)
  • Sudden paralysis or weakness
  • Loss of vision or hearing
  • Gait disturbances
  • Numbness without anatomical pattern
  • Speech disturbances

Important Clarification

These symptoms are:

  • Not faked
  • Not “imagined”
  • Not consciously produced

They are involuntary and often linked to:

  • Trauma
  • Severe stress
  • Dissociation
  • Emotional conflict
  • Chronic hyperarousal
  • Implicit memory activation
  • Somatoform dissociation
  • Autonomic nervous system dysregulation
  • Predictive coding errors in sensorimotor networks

Mechanism (Contemporary View)

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Research suggests dysfunction in:

  • Prefrontal cortex regulation
  • Limbic system overactivation
  • Motor cortex inhibition
  • Altered connectivity between emotional and motor networks

“It’s more of a software problem than hardware damage.”


Why the Term “Pseudoneurological” Is Problematic

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“Pseudo” implies “false” or “fake,” which:

  • Invalidates patient experience
  • Reinforces stigma
  • Misses the neurobiological component

Modern neuroscience recognizes FND as a genuine disorder of brain function. “PLEASE CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST/MEDICAL DOCTOR”

Shervan K Shahhian

How to Increase Willpower:

Increasing willpower isn’t about “trying harder.” It’s about regulating energy, attention, and emotion so that self-control becomes sustainable rather than forced.

Here’s a structured, psychologically grounded approach:


1. Redefine Willpower: It’s Regulation, Not Force

Research in self-regulation initially framed willpower as a limited resource (“ego depletion”), though later findings complicated that model. What consistently holds true:

  • Willpower fluctuates with stress, sleep, glucose, and emotional load.
  • It’s easier to design around temptation than resist it repeatedly.

So the goal is reduce friction, not heroic resistance.


2. Strengthen the Nervous System First

Because you’ve been exploring hyperarousal, dissociation, and regulation, this is crucial:

Willpower collapses when the nervous system is:

  • In fight/flight (impulsive action)
  • In freeze (avoidance, procrastination)

Build regulation capacity:

  • Slow nasal breathing (4–6 breaths per minute)
  • Cold exposure (brief, controlled)
  • Sleep optimization
  • Strength training (improves executive function)

When the body is regulated, prefrontal control improves.


3. Use “Pre-Commitment” Instead of Raw Discipline

Borrow from behavioral economics:

  • Remove junk food from the house.
  • Put phone in another room.
  • Schedule workouts in calendar with reminders.
  • Use website blockers.

This reduces reliance on moment-to-moment willpower.


4. Build Micro-Wins (Neural Conditioning)

The brain builds identity through repetition.

Start with:

  • 5 minutes of the task.
  • 1 small promise kept daily.
  • One cold shower breath hold.
  • One delayed impulse per day.

Consistency > intensity.

Each kept promise increases self-trust.


5. Train Distress Tolerance

Willpower fails when discomfort feels threatening.

Practice:

  • Urge surfing (notice impulse, don’t act for 10 minutes)
  • Sit with mild boredom without stimulation
  • Delayed gratification exercises

This strengthens impulse control circuits.


6. Clarify Meaning (Not Just Goals)

Willpower increases when action connects to identity and values.

Ask:

  • Who am I becoming by doing this?
  • What future self benefits?
  • What kind of psychologist / thinker / practitioner am I training to be?

Identity-based motivation is stronger than outcome-based motivation.


7. Protect Cognitive Bandwidth

Willpower drains when:

  • You make too many decisions.
  • You’re sleep deprived.
  • You’re emotionally overloaded.
  • You’re ruminating excessively.

Simplify routines:

  • Fixed wake time.
  • Repeated meals.
  • Structured schedule blocks.

Reduce unnecessary internal debate.


8. Practice “Delayed Reaction Training”

Example exercise:

  1. When you feel urge (check phone, snack, react emotionally)
  2. Wait 60 seconds.
  3. Breathe slowly.
  4. Decide intentionally.

This builds the gap between impulse and action.

That gap is willpower.


9. Avoid the Grandiosity Trap

From a psychological maturity perspective:

True willpower isn’t extreme asceticism.
It’s steady, boring consistency.

Grand commitments often collapse.
Small sustainable systems build character.


10. Measure What You Keep

Track:

  • Promises made vs. promises kept.
  • Urges resisted.
  • Sleep hours.
  • Emotional triggers.

Awareness increases executive control.


Short Version

Willpower grows when you:

  • Regulate your nervous system
  • Reduce temptation exposure
  • Build small daily wins
  • Increase distress tolerance
  • Anchor action to identity
  • Protect sleep and energy

Shervan K Shahhian

Mental Rehearsal Activates, explained:

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Mental rehearsal activates many of the same neural systems as real performance.

This is why it’s powerful in performance psychology, sports, therapy, and skill acquisition.

Here’s what it activates:


1. Motor Cortex

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The primary motor cortex (in the frontal lobe) becomes active during vivid imagery of movement.

Research shows that imagining lifting your arm activates similar neural circuits as actually lifting it, just at lower intensity.


2. Premotor & Supplementary Motor Areas

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These regions plan and sequence movement.

When someone mentally rehearses a tennis serve, surgical procedure, or public speech, these planning circuits fire as if preparing for execution.


3. Cerebellum

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Involved in coordination and timing.

Mental practice refines timing patterns, even without physical movement.


4. Basal Ganglia

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Supports habit learning and automaticity.

This is why repeated visualization improves smoothness and confidence over time.


5. Autonomic Nervous System

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The body partially responds.

For example:

  • Heart rate may slightly increase
  • Muscles may show subtle activation (EMG detectable)
  • Stress hormones can shift

This is why emotional rehearsal (e.g., imagining a stressful interview) can either desensitize or intensify anxiety depending on how it’s done.


6. Emotional & Threat Circuits

If imagery is vivid, the amygdala activates—especially in fear-based rehearsal.

This explains:

  • Why trauma flashbacks feel real
  • Why confidence imagery reduces performance anxiety
  • Why catastrophic rumination strengthens fear pathways

7. Mirror Neuron System

When imagining or observing actions, the brain simulates them internally.

This supports:

  • Skill learning
  • Empathy
  • Behavioral priming

Why This Matters

Mental rehearsal works because:

The brain encodes imagined experience as “real enough” to strengthen neural pathways.

This principle is used in:

  • Elite sports psychology
  • Surgical training
  • Trauma therapy (e.g., imaginal exposure)
  • Performance anxiety treatment

Mental rehearsal strengthens whichever circuit is repeatedly activated.

  • Rehearsing competence: strengthens mastery networks
  • Rehearsing humiliation: strengthens threat prediction
  • Rehearsing dissociation: strengthens avoidance pathways

The nervous system doesn’t strongly distinguish between external and vividly simulated internal events.

Shervan K Shahhian

Mental Skills Training (MST), a great explanation:


Mental Skills Training (MST) is a structured, evidence based approach used to strengthen psychological abilities that enhance performance, resilience, and well-being.

It’s widely used in sports, military, performing arts, medicine, and executive leadership.


What It Develops

MST focuses on trainable psychological capacities such as:

  • Attention & concentration control
  • Emotional regulation
  • Stress tolerance
  • Confidence & self-efficacy
  • Motivation & goal clarity
  • Imagery & mental rehearsal
  • Self-talk regulation
  • Arousal regulation (activation vs calm)

It’s essentially performance psychology in action.


Core Techniques

Common tools include:

1. Goal Setting

  • Outcome goals (win, achieve X)
  • Performance goals (improve metric)
  • Process goals (specific behaviors)

Often structured using SMART frameworks.

2. Visualization / Imagery

Mental rehearsal activates similar neural pathways as physical execution.
Used extensively in Olympic training.

3. Self-Talk Training

Replacing automatic negative thoughts with task-focused cues.

Example:

  • “Don’t mess up”: “Strong, steady, smooth.”

4. Breath & Arousal Regulation

  • Box breathing
  • Diaphragmatic breathing
  • Pre-performance routines

Regulates sympathetic activation (fight-or-flight).

5. Attentional Control

Training narrow vs broad focus depending on task demands.

6. Resilience Training

Cognitive reframing, stress inoculation, adaptive attribution styles.


Theoretical Foundations

MST draws from:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Self-regulation theory
  • Psychophysiology of stress
  • Neuroplasticity research
  • Peak performance research (e.g., flow states)

What Makes MST Different From Therapy?

TherapyMental Skills Training
Focus on healing dysfunctionFocus on optimizing performance
Past-orientedFuture-oriented
Symptom reductionCapacity building
Clinical populationHigh-functioning individuals

That said, the two often overlap, especially when performance anxiety, trauma history, or identity instability affect execution.


Clinical & Applied Use

MST can be integrated into:

  • Trauma-informed performance work
  • Nervous system regulation training
  • Executive function strengthening
  • Identity consolidation under stress

It is especially powerful when paired with somatic regulation work, since cognitive skills fail under dysregulated autonomic states.


In Simple Terms

Mental Skills Training:
“Strength training for the mind under pressure.”

Shervan K Shahhian