Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

Doctored Degree in Clinical Psychology (PSYD) (ABD) All But Dissertation, a Masters (M.A.) in Clinical Psychology, a Bachelor's Degree (B.A.) in Psychology, a Associate Degree (AA) in Liberal Arts with an emphases in Psychology, Certification in Anger Management, Certification in MRT-Moral Reconation Therapy®, Certification in Clinical Hypnotherapy, and Certification in Advanced Hypnotherapy.

Purity Culture, what is it:

Purity culture, what is it:

“Purity culture” refers to a set of beliefs and practices that emerged within certain religious and conservative communities, emphasizing sexual abstinence until marriage and promoting a narrow and often idealized view of sexuality. This cultural phenomenon gained prominence in the late 20th century, particularly in certain Christian circles in the United States.

Key aspects of purity culture include:

Abstinence as a Virtue: Purity culture often places a high value on Abstinence, framing it as a virtue and a form of moral superiority. Those who abstain from premarital intimacy are often praised for their commitment to purity.

Modesty Standards: Purity culture frequently advocates for modesty in dress and behavior, with the belief that avoiding provocative clothing and actions can help individuals maintain their sexual purity.

Courtship Instead of Dating: Purity culture may encourage a model of courtship, where couples are chaperoned and follow a more intentional and supervised path toward marriage, as opposed to casual dating.

Abstinence Education: Purity culture is associated with abstinence-only education, which promotes refraining from sexual activity until marriage as the only acceptable option. This approach sometimes involves limited information about contraception and comprehensive sex education.

Shame and Guilt: Individuals who do not adhere to the standards of purity culture may experience shame and guilt, as their actions are often framed as sinful or impure. This can have lasting psychological effects on individuals who have been part of such a culture.

Critics of purity culture argue that it can be harmful, leading to feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety about one’s sexuality. They suggest that it often creates unrealistic expectations, reinforces gender stereotypes, and fails to provide a healthy and comprehensive understanding of human sexuality.

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness and critique of purity culture, with some communities and individuals reevaluating these beliefs and seeking more inclusive and nuanced approaches to discussions about sexuality and relationships.

Shervan K Shahhian

Feminist Theory, what is it:

Feminist theory, what is it:

Feminist theory is a broad and interdisciplinary framework of ideas that seeks to understand and analyze the social, cultural, political, and economic structures that contribute to the inequality between genders. It emerged as a response to the historical and ongoing oppression and discrimination faced by women in various societies.

Feminist theory encompasses a diverse range of perspectives, with scholars exploring issues related to gender roles, patriarchy, sexism, and the intersections of gender with other social categories such as race, class, sexual orientation, and disability. The primary goal of feminist theory is to challenge and dismantle oppressive systems and advocate for gender equality.

Key themes within feminist theory include:

Patriarchy: The examination of patriarchal systems that historically have privileged men and subordinated women in various aspects of life, including politics, economics, and culture.

Gender Roles and Stereotypes: The critique of traditional gender roles and stereotypes that prescribe specific behaviors and expectations for individuals based on their gender, limiting opportunities and perpetuating inequality.

Intersectionality: The recognition that gender inequality is interconnected with other forms of oppression, such as race, class, sexual orientation, and more. Intersectional feminism emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing these overlapping systems of privilege and discrimination.

Women’s Agency: The acknowledgment of women as autonomous individuals with the ability to make choices and decisions about their lives. Feminist theory challenges the notion that women should be confined to traditional roles and limited opportunities.

Historical Perspectives: Exploring the historical context of women’s struggles for rights and recognition, tracing the evolution of feminist movements over time.

Feminist theory has evolved and diversified over the years, with different waves of feminism (first, second, third, and more recently, fourth wave) reflecting changing social, cultural, and political contexts. Scholars within the feminist tradition use a variety of methodologies, including critical analysis, cultural studies, and intersectional approaches, to examine and address issues related to gender inequality.

Shervan K Shahhian

Reutilized Religions, what are they:

Reutilized religions, what are they:

“Reutilized religions” is not a widely recognized or commonly used term, and its meaning may vary depending on the context. However, it could refer to the phenomenon where elements of existing or historical religious traditions are repurposed, adapted, or integrated into new belief systems or spiritual practices.

This concept may manifest in various ways:

Syncretism: Combining different religious beliefs and practices to create a new, blended system.

New Religious Movements (NRMs): Some emerging spiritual movements incorporate elements from established religions while introducing new interpretations or practices.

Cultural Appropriation: Taking religious symbols, rituals, or concepts from one culture and using them in a different cultural or spiritual context.

Revivalism: Reintroducing or emphasizing certain aspects of ancient or marginalized religious traditions in a contemporary setting.

Adaptation for Modern Contexts: Modifying traditional religious practices to suit the needs or preferences of modern believers.

It’s important to note that the term “reutilized religions” is not standard, and without a specific context, its interpretation might be subjective. If you have a particular context or source in mind, providing more details could help in offering a more precise explanation.

Shervan K Shahhian

Multi-Cultural women and Gender Studies:

Multi cultural women and gender studies:

“Multicultural Women and Gender Studies” is an interdisciplinary field that examines the intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and other social categories. This area of study seeks to understand and analyze the experiences, roles, and contributions of women and gender-diverse individuals within diverse cultural and social contexts.

Key components of multicultural women and gender studies include:

Intersectionality: This concept, developed by Kimberlé Crenshaw, emphasizes the interconnectedness of various social identities and how they shape individual experiences. In multicultural women and gender studies, intersectionality is crucial for understanding how factors like race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality intersect with gender.

Cultural Diversity: This field explores the experiences of women and gender-diverse individuals across different cultures, recognizing that these experiences are shaped by cultural norms, traditions, and historical contexts. Examining diverse perspectives helps to avoid essentializing or stereotyping any particular group.

Social Justice: Multicultural women and gender studies often align with a commitment to social justice. Scholars and activists in this field aim to challenge and dismantle systems of oppression, discrimination, and inequality that affect individuals based on their gender and other intersecting identities.

Global Perspectives: The study of women and gender from a multicultural standpoint often extends beyond national borders. Global perspectives are considered to understand how issues related to gender and identity are shaped by transnational forces, global economies, and geopolitical dynamics.

Historical Analysis: Examining the historical context is crucial to understanding the development of gender roles and the experiences of women across different cultures. This historical analysis helps to uncover patterns, shifts, and continuities in the status and treatment of women over time.

Activism and Advocacy: Many scholars and practitioners in multicultural women and gender studies are actively engaged in social and political activism. They work towards promoting gender equality, challenging stereotypes, and advocating for the rights of marginalized groups.

This field is broad and dynamic, encompassing a range of topics, including reproductive rights, LGBTQ+ issues, violence against women, women’s health, and much more. It encourages critical thinking, dialogue, and a deep understanding of the complex ways in which identity, power, and social structures intersect and shape people’s lives.

Shervan K Shahhian

Adverse Religious Trauma, what is it:

Adverse Religious Trauma, what is it:

“Adverse religious trauma” refers to the negative psychological and emotional effects that individuals may experience as a result of harmful or distressing religious experiences. This concept is often associated with the impact of rigid or extreme religious beliefs, practices, or institutions on an individual’s well-being. Adverse religious trauma can manifest in various ways and may include feelings of guilt, fear, shame, anxiety, depression, or a sense of being controlled or manipulated.

Some factors that contribute to adverse religious trauma include:

Authoritarianism: Religious groups or leaders that enforce strict rules, demand unquestioning obedience, and discourage individual autonomy may contribute to adverse religious trauma.
Guilt and Shame: Some religious teachings may instill feelings of guilt or shame regarding natural human behaviors, leading to internal conflicts and a negative self-perception.
Fear of Punishment: The belief in severe consequences, such as eternal damnation or divine retribution, can induce significant anxiety and fear in individuals.
Isolation: Certain religious communities may encourage isolation from those outside the faith, leading to social and emotional difficulties when individuals question or leave the religious group.
Abuse: In some cases, religious leaders or institutions may perpetrate physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, causing long-lasting trauma.

It’s important to note that not all religious experiences lead to adverse trauma, and many individuals find comfort, purpose, and positive support within their faith communities. Adverse religious trauma is typically associated with extreme or harmful religious practices. If someone is experiencing distress related to their religious experiences, seeking support from mental health professionals or support groups can be beneficial in addressing and coping with these challenges.

Shervan K Shahhian

Critical Thinking, a great explanation:

Critical thinking, a great explanation:

Critical thinking is a cognitive process that involves analyzing and evaluating information, arguments, or situations in a systematic and logical manner. It goes beyond simply accepting or rejecting ideas and encourages individuals to question, explore, and assess the validity of claims.

Here’s a breakdown of key components of critical thinking:

Analysis: Critical thinking involves breaking down information into its essential parts to understand the underlying structure or components. This includes identifying key concepts, relationships, and assumptions.

Evaluation: Once information is analyzed, critical thinkers assess its quality, relevance, and reliability. They consider the source of information, the evidence provided, and the logic of the arguments presented.

Inference: Critical thinkers draw logical and reasonable conclusions based on the information available. They go beyond the surface and make educated guesses or predictions about what might happen next.

Problem-solving: Critical thinking is essential for effective problem-solving. It helps individuals identify and define problems, explore possible solutions, and make informed decisions.

Reflection: Critical thinkers reflect on their own thought processes, biases, and assumptions. They are open to revising their views in light of new evidence and are willing to consider alternative perspectives.

Curiosity: A key aspect of critical thinking is a genuine curiosity and a willingness to explore new ideas. Critical thinkers actively seek out information, ask questions, and engage in continuous learning.

Communication: Critical thinking involves effectively expressing ideas and arguments. It requires the ability to articulate thoughts clearly, listen actively to others, and engage in constructive dialogue.

Skepticism: Critical thinkers approach information with a healthy dose of skepticism. They don’t accept claims at face value but instead seek evidence and reasoning to support or refute those claims.

In summary, critical thinking is a multifaceted intellectual process that empowers individuals to approach information and problems with a discerning and analytical mindset. It is a skill that can be developed and refined over time through practice and a commitment to intellectual growth.

Shervan K Shahhian

Pedagogy of the Oppressed, a great book:

Pedagogy of the oppressed, a great book:

“Pedagogy of the Oppressed” is indeed considered a significant and influential book in the field of education and critical pedagogy. It was written by Brazilian educator and philosopher Paulo Freire and was first published in 1968. The book explores the dynamics of power, oppression, and education, offering a critical perspective on traditional education systems.

Freire’s central argument revolves around the concept of “banking education,” where students are treated as passive receptacles for information, and he advocates for a more participatory and dialogical approach to education. He proposes a pedagogy that empowers learners and encourages critical thinking, emphasizing the importance of dialogue between teachers and students.

“Pedagogy of the Oppressed” has been influential in shaping discussions about education, social justice, and transformative pedagogy. It has been embraced by educators, activists, and scholars globally as a foundational text for those interested in fostering more equitable and liberating educational practices.

However, as with any book, its impact and significance can vary based on individual perspectives and contexts. Some may find it to be a groundbreaking and transformative work, while others may have different views on its applicability to diverse educational settings. If you’re interested in critical pedagogy and transformative education, reading “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” can provide valuable insights and stimulate critical thinking.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding certain considerations in End-of-Life Care:

Understanding certain considerations in end-of-life care:

End-of-life care involves providing support and medical care for individuals who are approaching the end of their lives. It aims to ensure a person’s comfort, dignity, and quality of life during their final stages.

Several important considerations play a crucial role in end-of-life care:

Advance Care Planning:

Encourage individuals to engage in advance care planning by discussing their preferences, values, and goals for care.
Documenting advance directives, such as living wills and durable power of attorney for healthcare, helps guide decision-making when the person can no longer communicate their wishes.

Pain and Symptom Management:

Prioritize effective pain management to enhance the individual’s comfort and quality of life.
Address symptoms such as nausea, shortness of breath, and anxiety to improve overall well-being.

Communication:

Open and honest communication is essential between healthcare professionals, patients, and their families.
Ensure that everyone involved understands the prognosis, treatment options, and goals of care.

Respect for Autonomy:

Respect the individual’s autonomy and involve them in decision-making to the extent possible.
Consider cultural, spiritual, and personal beliefs when determining the appropriate care plan.

Psychosocial and Spiritual Support:

Provide emotional and psychological support to both the individual and their loved ones.
Address spiritual needs and connect individuals with religious or spiritual resources if desired.

Family and Caregiver Support:

Recognize the impact of end-of-life care on family members and caregivers.
Offer support services, counseling, and education to help them cope with the emotional and practical challenges they may face.

Quality of Life Focus:

Emphasize maintaining and enhancing the individual’s quality of life rather than focusing solely on curative measures.
Tailor care to align with the person’s goals, whether they involve spending time with loved ones, being at home, or other specific preferences.

Cultural Sensitivity:

Be aware of and respect the cultural beliefs, values, and practices of the individual and their family.
Customize care plans to accommodate cultural preferences and rituals surrounding death and dying.

Transitions in Care:

Ensure smooth transitions between different care settings, such as hospitals, hospice, or home care.
Collaborate with various healthcare professionals to maintain continuity and coherence in the care provided.

Legal and Ethical Considerations:

Adhere to legal and ethical guidelines surrounding end-of-life care, including issues related to consent, withholding or withdrawing treatment, and the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.

By considering these aspects, healthcare professionals and families can work together to provide compassionate, patient-centered end-of-life care that respects the individual’s wishes and values.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding support during the Bereavement process:

Understanding support during the bereavement process:

Bereavement, or the experience of losing a loved one, is a deeply personal and challenging process that involves coping with grief and adjusting to life without the person who has passed away. Understanding and providing support during the bereavement process is crucial for helping individuals navigate through their grief.

Here are some key aspects to consider:

Acknowledge the Loss:

It’s important to acknowledge the reality of the loss. Use clear and empathetic language when expressing condolences, and avoid euphemisms that may minimize the impact of the loss.

Active Listening:

Be a compassionate and attentive listener. Allow the bereaved person to share their thoughts and feelings without judgment. Sometimes, they may just need someone to listen and validate their emotions.

Respect Individual Grieving Styles:

Understand that people grieve in different ways and at different paces. Some may want to talk about their feelings, while others may prefer to grieve privately. Respect their choices and provide support accordingly.

Be Patient:

Grieving is a process that takes time. Be patient and understanding as the bereaved person navigates through the different stages of grief. Avoid imposing timelines for their healing.

Offer Practical Assistance:

Practical support can be invaluable during this challenging time. Offer assistance with daily tasks, such as cooking, cleaning, or running errands. This can help alleviate some of the practical burdens that grieving individuals may face.

Encourage Professional Help:

Grief can be overwhelming, and professional support may be beneficial. Encourage the bereaved person to seek counseling or join support groups where they can connect with others who have experienced similar losses.

Check-in Regularly:

Grief doesn’t follow a set timeline, and emotions may resurface at different points. Check in with the person regularly, even after some time has passed, to show ongoing support and understanding.

Avoid Making Assumptions:

Everyone experiences grief uniquely, so avoid making assumptions about how someone should feel or behave. Be open to their individual needs and reactions.

Celebrate the Deceased:

Encourage the bereaved person to share memories and celebrate the life of the person they lost. This can help shift the focus from the pain of the loss to the positive aspects of the person’s life.

Respect Cultural and Religious Differences:

Different cultures and religions have varied traditions and beliefs regarding death and mourning. Respect and honor these differences, and be mindful of the individual’s cultural or religious practices.

Remember, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to supporting someone through bereavement. Flexibility, empathy, and genuine care are key components in helping individuals cope with the complex emotions that come with the loss of a loved one.

Shervan K Shahhian

Thanatologist, what is that:

Thanatologist, what is that:

A thanatologist is a professional who specializes in the study of death, dying, and the psychological, social, and spiritual aspects related to the end of life. The term “thanatology” is derived from the Greek words “thanatos,” meaning death, and “logos,” meaning study or science.

Thanatologists may work in various fields, including healthcare, counseling, sociology, and religious studies. They often assist individuals and their families in coping with the emotional and practical challenges associated with death and dying. This may involve providing grief counseling, facilitating discussions about end-of-life decisions, and offering support during the bereavement process.

The field of thanatology encompasses a broad range of topics, such as the cultural and religious aspects of death, rituals surrounding the dying process, ethical considerations in end-of-life care, and the psychological impact of death on individuals and communities. Thanatologists aim to enhance understanding and provide compassionate support for those facing mortality and the complexities associated with the end of life.

Shervan K Shahhian