Parapsychology: “Consciousness Traveling”:

“Consciousness traveling” may mean a few very different things depending on the lens you’re using, psychological, neuroscientific, or more esoteric. It’s worth separating them so you don’t end up mixing fundamentally different phenomena.

  1. Psychological / experiential (most grounded)

Here, “traveling” doesn’t mean your consciousness literally leaves your body, it means your sense of self shifts location or perspective.

Common examples:

Mental time travel, vividly reliving the past or imagining the future
Deep visualization, feeling “present” in an imagined place
Dissociation, sense of being detached or observing yourself
Flow states, losing awareness of your physical surroundings

Your mind is constructing a virtual reality model, and attention moves within it. No actual displacement, just reallocation of awareness.

  1. Neuroscience view: CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST

From a mind perspective, consciousness maybe tied to:

distributed neural activity
attentional networks
sensory integration

So “travel”: changes in which neural networks dominate.


For example:

Default Mode Network, internal thoughts, self-reflection
Salience / attention networks, external focus

The “movement” is really state-shifting, not spatial movement.

  1. Out-of-body experiences (OBEs)

This is where the idea gets closer to what people mean by traveling.

OBEs can feel like:

floating above your body
moving through space
entering other environments

They’re often linked to:

sleep paralysis
trauma or extreme stress
meditation or sensory deprivation

Neuroscience: CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST, ties these to disruptions in the temporo-parietal junction, which helps anchor your sense of “self-location.”

So the experience is real, but evidence suggests it’s a constructed perception, not literal travel.

  1. Parapsychology / esoteric interpretations

In fields like remote viewing or astral projection, consciousness is proposed to:

operate independently of the body
access distant locations or information

Programs like those explored by the Stanford Research Institute investigated this. Results were controversial:

Some anomalous findings
But some consistently replicable, controlled proof

So this remains semiproven, though widely explored.

  1. Important grounding point

It’s tempting to interpret intense internal experiences as literal travel, but there’s a big difference between:

“It feels like I went somewhere”
vs.
“I actually left my body and traveled”

Right now, all reliable evidence supports the first, not the second.

If you’re exploring this personally

A more useful framing might be:

You’re training attention and perception, not leaving your body
Experiences can become extremely vivid and convincing
The skill is learning to navigate internal states without over-interpreting them
.

Shervan K Shahhian

Parapsychology: Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs):

Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs) maybe episodes where a person feels as if their awareness or “self” has left their physical body and is observing from an external vantage point, often from above.


Psychological & Neuroscience Perspective

From a clinical and research standpoint, OBEs are usually understood as alterations in body perception and self-location rather than literal separation from the body.

  • They’re linked to activity in the Temporoparietal Junction: ( CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST) , a region that integrates sensory information (vision, touch, balance).
  • Disruptions here can create the sensation of “being outside” your body.
  • OBEs can occur during:
    • Trauma or extreme stress
    • Sleep states (especially sleep paralysis)
    • Meditation or dissociative states
    • Neurological conditions (e.g., epilepsy)

Some neurologist, may even induced OBE-like sensations in lab settings by electrically stimulating the TPJ.


Psychological Interpretation

In psychology, OBEs are often associated with:

  • Dissociation: (a temporary split between awareness and bodily experience)
  • Defense mechanisms under overwhelming stress
  • Altered states of consciousness (similar to deep meditation or trance)

They can feel very real, but that doesn’t necessarily mean the mind has literally left the body.


Parapsychology / Spiritual View

In fields like parapsychology, OBEs may sometimes interpreted as:

  • The “astral body” separating from the physical body
  • A form of consciousness traveling
  • Related to practices like remote viewing or lucid dreaming

Some researchers, like Charles Tart, studied OBEs to test whether perception can occur independently of the body, but strong, repeatable evidence remains limited.


What Does the Evidence Say?

  • OBEs are real experiences psychologically (people genuinely feel them).
  • But there’s no solid scientific proof or materialist researchers do not want to admit to its existence? that consciousness actually leaves the body or perceives distant physical reality during OBEs.
  • Most evidence points to mind based mechanisms.

Balanced Take

It’s useful to separate two things:

  1. The experience itself: valid, often intense, meaningful
  2. The interpretation of it: still debated (mind-based vs. non-local consciousness)

Interesting Overlap

OBEs share features with:

  • Lucid dreaming
  • Near-death experiences (NDEs)
  • Deep meditation states
  • Psychedelic experiences

All involve shifts in how the mind constructs self and space.

Shervan K Shahhian

Salience Filtering is the mind’s way of deciding what matters right now and what can be ignored:

Salience filtering is the mind’s way of deciding what matters right now and what can be ignored.

At any given moment, your senses are flooded with far more information than you can consciously process, sounds, sights, thoughts, bodily sensations. Salience filtering is the mechanism that selects a small subset of that input and flags it as important (salient) so it enters awareness and guides behavior.


How it works

(CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)

It’s largely governed by the mind’s salience network, especially:

  • Anterior insula: (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)
  • Anterior cingulate cortex: (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST)

This system continuously evaluates incoming stimuli based on:

  • Relevance to goals: (“Does this help me?”)
  • Emotional significance: (“Is this threatening or rewarding?”)
  • Novelty: (“Is this new or unexpected?”)

Only what passes this filter becomes the focus of attention.


Simple example

Imagine you’re at a loud party:

  • You ignore dozens of conversations (filtered out)
  • Suddenly, someone says your name across the room, it instantly grabs your attention

Your mind tagged that sound as salient, overriding everything else.


Why it matters

Salience filtering shapes:

  • Attention: (what you focus on)
  • Perception: (what you even notice exists)
  • Memory formation: (what gets stored)
  • Behavioral responses: (what you react to)

When it goes off balance

Distorted salience filtering is linked to several psychological states:

  • Anxiety: neutral stimuli feel threatening (over-tagging danger)
  • Depression: reduced salience of rewarding stimuli
  • Psychosis (schizophrenia): aberrant salience (random things feel deeply meaningful)

In your domain (psychology & mental training)

Salience filtering is tightly connected to:

  • Attentional control
  • Neural priming
  • Visualization / mental rehearsal

You may train it:

  • Focus repeatedly on certain cues, they become more salient
  • Use emotional intensity, increases tagging strength
  • Pair attention with intention, biases future perception

This maybe why practices like visualization or hypnotic suggestion can feel powerful, they reprogram what your mind flags as important.


One important reality check

It may feel like salience is revealing hidden truths or external signals, but neurologically: (CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST), it’s a selection and weighting system, not a detection of objective importance in the environment. It tells you what your mind prioritizes, not necessarily what is inherently meaningful.

Shervan K Shahhian

Experimental Research in Telepathy, Psychokinesis, and Skin Vision, what is it:

Experimental research into telepathy, psychokinesis (PK), and “skin vision” sits within the broader field of Parapsychology, a controversial area that tries to test whether mind-to-mind or mind-over-matter effects exist under controlled conditions. Here’s a grounded overview of this phenomena research.

1. Telepathy Research
Telepathy: direct mind-to-mind information transfer without sensory channels.

Key Experimental Approaches
Ganzfeld Experiments
Participants are placed in sensory-reduced environments (soft lighting, white noise).

A “sender” views an image/video; a “receiver” reports impressions.

Later, the receiver chooses which target matches their experience.

Findings:

Some meta-analyses report small but above-chance “hit rates.”

Critics argue methodological flaws, publication bias, and replication issues.

Dream Telepathy Studies
Conducted at the Maimonides Medical Center in the 1960s.

Sleeping participants attempted to “receive” target images.

Led by Montague Ullman.

Results:

Some striking anecdotal matches.

But inconsistent replication limits acceptance.

2. Psychokinesis (PK) Research
Psychokinesis: influencing physical systems with the mind.

Experimental Models
Random Number Generator (RNG) Studies
Participants attempt to mentally bias random systems.

Conducted extensively at the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab.

Directed by Robert G. Jahn.

Findings:

Very small statistical deviations reported.

Effects are subtle and difficult to replicate reliably.

Micro-PK Experiments
Focus on tiny systems (electronic noise, quantum-level randomness).

Suggest that if PK exists, it operates at extremely small scales.

Macro-PK Claims
Includes dramatic effects (bending metal, moving objects).

Popularized by Uri Geller.

Scientific status:

Generally attributed to illusion, fraud, or lack of controls.

3. Skin Vision (Dermal Perception)
Skin vision: perceiving visual information through the skin (often fingertips).

Soviet-Era Experiments
Studied in the USSR during the Cold War.

Subjects claimed to read colors or text blindfolded.

Associated with Rosa Kuleshova.

Experimental setup:

Eyes fully covered.

Objects placed under hands.

Findings:

Some positive results reported.

Later critiques suggested:

Light leakage

Subtle sensory cues

Inadequate controls

Methodological Challenges Across All Three

  1. Replication Problem
    Results are often not consistently reproducible, a core requirement of science.
  2. Small Effect Sizes
    When effects appear, they are usually very weak statistically.
  3. Experimenter Effects
    Researcher expectations may influence outcomes (consciously or unconsciously).
  4. Sensory Leakage
    Tiny, unnoticed cues can explain “psi” results.
  5. Publication Bias
    Positive findings are more likely to be published than null results.

That said, research continues at the margins, often reframed in terms of:

Consciousness studies

Anomalous cognition

Mind–matter interaction

A Nuanced Take
It’s worth separating three layers:

Phenomenological reality
People do report meaningful telepathic or PK-like experiences

Experimental signal
Weak, inconsistent statistical anomalies sometimes appear

Established mechanism
Still absent in accepted science

Shervan K Shahhian

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT) Part 2, explained:

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT) could be a structured, evidence-based psychotherapy could be designed to help people find or reconnect with a sense of meaning, purpose, and value in life, especially when facing suffering, illness, or existential distress.

It could be strongly rooted in the work of Viktor Frankl, who developed logotherapy, the idea that the primary human drive is the “will to meaning.”


Core Idea

MCT could be built on a simple but powerful premise:

Even when we cannot change our circumstances, we can change how we relate to them, and still find meaning.


Key Themes of Meaning in MCT

MCT might help clients explore different sources of meaning, such as:

1. Creative Sources

  • What you give to life (work, contributions, legacy)

2. Experiential Sources

  • What you receive from life (love, beauty, relationships)

3. Attitudinal Sources

  • The stance you take toward unavoidable suffering

This third category is especially central, echoing Frankl’s experience during the Holocaust.


Core Components of Therapy

MCT could typically structured and time-limited (often 7–8 sessions), focusing on:

  • Life review (identity, values, personal history)
  • Meaning-making exercises
  • Exploration of legacy (what you leave behind)
  • Responsibility and choice
  • Facing mortality and limitations
  • Reframing suffering

Possible Techniques Used

  • Guided reflection and discussion
  • Narrative reconstruction (rewriting one’s life story)
  • Legacy projects (letters, recordings, symbolic acts)
  • Experiential exercises (e.g., “What matters most?”)

Evidence & Effectiveness

Research might show MCT can:

  • Reduce existential distress
  • Decrease depression and hopelessness
  • Improve spiritual well-being and quality of life

It’s especially effective in:

  • Palliative care
  • Grief and bereavement
  • Trauma and identity crises

How It Could Differ from Other Therapies

TherapyFocus
CBTThoughts and behaviors
PsychodynamicUnconscious conflicts
MCTMeaning, purpose, existential identity

MCT could be less about symptom control and more about:
“What makes life worth living, even now?”


Possible Clinical Insight

MCT is particularly interesting because it:

  • Bridges existential psychology and spiritual meaning systems
  • Can incorporate transpersonal or anomalous experiences without pathologizing them
  • Aligns with frameworks like:
    • Meaning-making in grief
    • Survival-of-consciousness interpretations (if handled carefully)

Possible Limitations

  • Not ideal as a standalone treatment for acute psychosis
  • Requires some level of reflective capacity
  • May feel abstract for highly concrete thinkers

In One Sentence

Meaning-Centered Therapy might help people endure and transform suffering by reconnecting with what gives their life meaning, no matter the circumstances.

Shervan K Shahhian

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT), explained:

Meaning-Centered Therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy approach that might help people find, restore, or deepen a sense of meaning and purpose in life, especially when facing suffering, illness, loss, or existential distress.

It could be strongly inspired by the ideas of Viktor Frankl and his work in Logotherapy, which emphasizes that the primary human motivation is the search for meaning.


Core Idea

Meaning-Centered Therapy could propose that psychological suffering often intensifies when people feel:

  • Life has lost meaning
  • They have no purpose
  • Their suffering seems pointless
  • Their identity or legacy feels threatened

The therapy helps people reconnect with sources of meaning, even in very difficult circumstances.


The approach could be widely used in psycho-oncology, palliative care, and existential psychotherapy.


Main Goals

Meaning-Centered Therapy could help individuals:

  1. Rediscover purpose in life
  2. Understand their life story
  3. Create a sense of legacy
  4. Find meaning in suffering
  5. Strengthen spiritual or existential identity

Four Major Sources of Meaning

Meaning might come from four main sources:

1. Creative Sources

Meaning through what we give to the world.

Examples:

  • Work
  • Creativity
  • Contributions
  • Helping others

2. Experiential Sources

Meaning through what we receive from life.

Examples:

  • Love
  • Beauty
  • Nature
  • Art
  • Relationships

3. Attitudinal Sources

Meaning through how we face unavoidable suffering.

Examples:

  • Courage
  • Dignity
  • Compassion
  • Resilience

Frankl emphasized this most strongly.


4. Historical Sources

Meaning through our personal story and legacy.

Examples:

  • Life narrative
  • Family history
  • Cultural identity
  • Values passed to others

Typical Structure of Meaning-Centered Therapy

The therapy is often short-term and structured, usually 7–8 sessions.

Common topics explored:

  1. Concept of meaning
  2. Life as a story
  3. Identity and values
  4. Creativity and contribution
  5. Experiences of love and beauty
  6. Attitude toward suffering
  7. Legacy and life meaning

Clinical Uses

Meaning-Centered Therapy could commonly used for:

  • Cancer patients
  • Terminal illness
  • Palliative care
  • Existential depression
  • Grief and loss
  • End-of-life counseling

It overlaps with roles such as:

  • End-of-Life Doula
  • Death Midwife

Possible Psychological Benefits

Research shows MCT can:

  • Reduce existential distress
  • Reduce depression
  • Increase spiritual well-being
  • Improve sense of dignity
  • Strengthen resilience

Example of a Meaning-Centered Question

A therapist may ask:

  • “When in your life have you felt most meaningful or purposeful?”
  • “What do you want your life to stand for?”
  • “What legacy would you like to leave?”

Simple Example

A patient with terminal illness may initially feel:

“My life is ending. Everything was pointless.”

Meaning-Centered Therapy helps them rediscover:

  • The love they gave their children
  • The values they lived by
  • The courage they showed in hardship

Thus the narrative shifts from “pointless suffering” to “a meaningful life story.”


Why It Matters (Psychologically)

Meaning acts as a buffer against existential despair.
Even in extreme conditions, humans can maintain psychological stability when they feel their lives have purpose or significance.

This insight came directly from Frankl’s experiences during the The Holocaust.


Interesting that some clinicians might link meaning-centered approaches with spiritual or transcendent experiences, possibly including anomalous experiences and existential awakening.

Shervan K Shahhian

Ganzfeld Telepathy Studies, what were they:

Ganzfeld Telepathy Studies might be among the well-known experimental approaches in modern Parapsychology, designed to test whether telepathy (mind-to-mind information transfer) can occur under controlled conditions.


What is the Ganzfeld Method?

The term Ganzfeld (German for “whole field”) refers to a state of sensory homogenization, reducing structured sensory input to make subtle mental signals more noticeable.

Typical Setup:

  • Receiver (percipient) sits in a relaxed state:
    • Eyes covered with halved ping-pong balls
    • Red light illumination
    • White noise or static in headphones
  • Sender (agent) is in a separate room:
    • Focuses on a randomly chosen image or video clip
  • After ~20–40 minutes:
    • The receiver reports impressions, images, emotions
    • Then selects the target from several options (usually 4 choices)

If telepathy exists, the receiver should choose the correct target more often than chance (25%).


Key Findings

Early Results (1970s–1980s)

  • Researchers like Charles Honorton reported above-chance hit rates (~30–35%)
  • Suggested weak but consistent telepathic effects

Autoganzfeld Experiments (1980s–1990s)

  • Improved automation to remove human bias
  • Conducted at institutions like Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab
  • Results:
    • Hit rates around 32%
    • Statistically significant but small effect

Meta-Analyses

  • Daryl Bem and Charles Honorton (1994):
    • Concluded results support a real but weak psi effect
  • Later analyses found:
    • Small but persistent deviation from chance across many studies

Criticisms & Skeptical Views

Mainstream psychology remains skeptical, citing:

1. Methodological Issues

  • Sensory leakage (unintentional cues)
  • Inadequate randomization in early studies

2. Replication Problems

  • Some labs fail to reproduce results consistently

3. Statistical Concerns

  • File-drawer effect (unpublished negative studies)
  • Small effect sizes

Skeptics like Ray Hyman argued that:

  • The results are not robust enough to confirm telepathy

Parapsychological Interpretations

Within parapsychology, Ganzfeld results are often explained using models you’re already exploring:

1. Psi-Mediated Information Transfer

  • Direct telepathy between sender and receiver

2. Super-Psi Hypothesis

  • Receiver unconsciously accesses information via psi (not necessarily from sender)

3. Altered States Facilitation

  • Ganzfeld state may:
    • Reduce mental noise
    • Increase internal imagery
    • Enhance psi sensitivity

Psychological Interpretation

From a conventional standpoint:

  • The Ganzfeld state resembles:
    • Mild sensory deprivation
    • Hypnagogic imagery (dream-like states)
  • Hits may result from:
    • Pattern matching
    • Expectation bias
    • Subconscious inference

Bottom Line

  • Ganzfeld studies are one of the strongest experimental cases in parapsychology
  • Evidence suggests:
    • A small statistical anomaly
    • But not widely accepted as proof of telepathy
  • Interpretation depends heavily on theoretical framework:
    • Psi vs psychological processes
    • Shervan K Shahhian

How Parapsychology interprets certain experiences that maybe different from Clinical Psychology:

Parapsychology and clinical psychology might often study similar human experiences, but they interpret them through very different explanatory frameworks. This is especially true for experiences such as visions, apparitions, telepathy, near-death experiences, or sensed presences. Below is a comparison.


1. Basic Orientation

Clinical Psychology

  • Focus: mental health, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Framework: biological, cognitive, and social explanations.
  • Goal: determine whether experiences indicate normal coping, stress reactions, or psychopathology.

Parapsychology

  • Focus: possible psi phenomena (ESP, telepathy, psychokinesis, survival after death).
  • Framework: might explore whether experiences may represent genuine anomalous interactions with consciousness beyond known mechanisms.
  • Goal: investigate whether some experiences are veridical (information-bearing) rather than purely subjective.

The main difference could be:

  • Clinical psychology asks “What psychological process caused this?”
  • Parapsychology asks “Could this involve psi or consciousness beyond the mind?”

2. Interpretation of Anomalous Experiences

Apparitions or sensed presence

Clinical psychology may explain them through:

  • grief responses
  • memory activation
  • dissociation
  • sleep-related hallucinations

Parapsychology may consider:

  • survival-related experiences
  • telepathic contact
  • crisis apparitions

Grief visions

In bereavement cases:

Clinical psychology:

  • interprets them as possible normal grief hallucinations or continuing bonds with the deceased

Parapsychology:

  • sometimes might interpret them as possible post-mortem communication

Telepathy or intuitive knowing

Clinical psychology:

  • intuition
  • pattern recognition
  • coincidence
  • confirmation bias

Parapsychology:

  • investigates extrasensory perception (ESP) under controlled conditions.

3. Differences in Research Methods

Clinical psychology

  • DSM diagnostic frameworks
  • clinical interviews
  • neurobiological models: CONSULT WITH A NEUROLOGIST
  • psychotherapy outcome studies

Parapsychology

  • laboratory psi experiments
  • Ganzfeld telepathy studies
  • case collections of spontaneous experiences
  • statistical anomaly detection

A major organization in the field is the Parapsychological Association.


4. Attitude Toward Anomalous Experiences

Clinical psychology might take a conservative explanatory stance:

  • extraordinary claims require strong evidence
  • priority is protecting mental health

Parapsychology takes an exploratory stance:

  • anomalous experiences may indicate unknown capacities of consciousness
  • not automatically pathological

5. Some Areas Where Both Fields Overlap

There is some collaboration in the study of “anomalous experiences”.
Researchers attempt to distinguish between:

  • psychopathology
  • spiritual or transformative experiences
  • possible psi phenomena

Important modern view:
Some psychologists today recognize that having unusual experiences does not necessarily mean mental illness. The key question is whether the experience causes distress, impairment, or loss of reality testing.


Some modern researchers frame this as “the psychology of anomalous experience”, which tries to bridge both fields rather than oppose them.

Shervan K Shahhian

The 4th model that Modern Parapsychologists are Discussing; the “Super-Psi or Living Agent Psi model”:

Modern researchers in Parapsychology discuss a fourth explanatory model for anomalous experiences that might be called the “Super-Psi” or “Living Agent Psi (LAP)” model. This model tries to explain phenomena that appear paranormal or spirit-related without requiring discarnate spirits or external entities.


The Super-Psi / Living Agent Psi Model

Basic idea:
All the information or effects involved in an anomalous experience might come from the psychic abilities of living people, usually unconsciously.

These abilities may include:

  • Telepathy: mind-to-mind information transfer
  • Clairvoyance: acquiring information about distant or hidden events
  • Precognition: knowledge of future events
  • Psychokinesis: mental influence on physical systems

The “super” part of the theory means these abilities that could possibly operate at extremely complex and powerful levels, combining all of the above simultaneously.


Why It Was Proposed

Researchers noticed that some paranormal cases seemed to involve:

  • Accurate information about deceased people
  • Objects moving: or disturbances (poltergeist cases)
  • Visions or voices: that seem external
  • Mediumistic information

Instead of assuming spirits, the Super-Psi model suggests:

The living person’s unconscious psi might gather information from anywhere in space and time and constructs the experience.


Example

A grief apparition:
Someone sees and hears a deceased relative.

Interpretations maybe different models:

  1. Psychological model: grief hallucination
  2. Survival model: the spirit of the deceased actually appeared
  3. Psi model: telepathic/clairvoyant perception
  4. Super-Psi model: the experiencer’s unconscious psi accessed information about the deceased and created the full perception

Where It Is Used

The model may often be discussed in research areas such as:

  • Apparitions
  • Mediumship
  • Poltergeist cases
  • Near-death and after-death communication reports

Some influential parapsychologists who debated these ideas include:

  • J. B. Rhine
  • Ian Stevenson
  • Stephen E. Braude

Strengths of the Model

Parapsychologists might consider it attractive because it:

  • Explains paranormal information without requiring spirits
  • Uses known psi processes studied in labs
  • May theoretically explain very complex cases

Main Criticism

Critics argue the model becomes too powerful and unfalsifiable.

For example:

If unconscious psi can access the mind, at any place, at any time, then paranormal events could be explained by Super-Psi, making it difficult to test scientifically.


Important Debate in Parapsychology

Today the biggest debate in Parapsychology is between:

  • Super-Psi / Living Agent Psi theory
  • Survival of consciousness after death

Both attempt to explain the same phenomena but propose could be different realities.

Shervan K Shahhian

The 3 Main Models Parapsychologists might use to explain Anomalous Experiences:

In Parapsychology, researchers may often use three main explanatory models to understand anomalous experiences (apparitions, telepathy, precognition, near-death visions, or contact experiences). These models may not necessarily compete; some researchers treat them as different explanatory levels.


1. The Psi (Survival / Extrasensory) Model

This could be the traditional parapsychological model.

Core idea:
Some anomalous experiences may involve genuine psi abilities or survival of consciousness beyond the body.

Examples:

  • Extrasensory Perception (ESP): telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
  • Psychokinesis (PK): mind influencing matter
  • Apparitions of deceased individuals
  • Veridical perceptions during Near-Death Experience

Interpretation:

  • Consciousness may extend beyond the brain.
  • Some experiences may reflect actual information transfer or survival of consciousness after death.

This model is commonly used in:

  • survival research
  • mediumship studies
  • remote viewing research (including protocols such as Controlled Remote Viewing)

2. The Psychological / Experiential Model

This model emphasizes human psychology rather than external paranormal forces.

Core idea:
Many anomalous experiences may arise from normal psychological processes that feel extraordinary.

Key factors studied include:

  • Dissociation
  • Absorption (psychology) (deep imaginative focus)
  • grief-related visions
  • sleep paralysis
  • hypnagogic imagery
  • expectation and belief

Example:
A bereaved person seeing a deceased loved one may be interpreted as a grief-induced perceptual experience, not necessarily a spirit encounter.

This model could overlap with:

  • clinical psychology
  • cognitive psychology
  • trauma research

3. The Experiential / Constructivist Model

This model might focus on how people interpret unusual experiences, regardless of their ultimate cause.

Please note that:
Anomalous experiences may be genuine subjective events, but their meaning is constructed through culture, beliefs, and worldview.

Researchers might study:

  • cultural interpretations of visions
  • spiritual frameworks
  • mythic and symbolic meaning

For example:

  • A Christian might interpret a vision as an angel.
  • A UFO experiencer might interpret it as extraterrestrial contact.
  • A mystic might see it as spiritual awakening.

This model connects with:

  • Transpersonal Psychology
  • Anthropology
  • consciousness studies.

In summary

ModelMain ExplanationFocus
Psi ModelReal paranormal processesESP, survival, PK
Psychological ModelInternal mental processescognition, perception, grief
Constructivist ModelCultural interpretation of experiencesmeaning and worldview

Interesting point:
Some modern researchers might combine these models into a “multi-layered explanation”, recognizing that an anomalous experience might involve psychological processes, cultural interpretation, and “possibly” psi elements simultaneously.

Shervan K Shahhian