Emotional Inertia:

Emotional inertia refers to the tendency of an emotional state to persist over time, even when circumstances change. It means people often continue to feel the same emotion (like sadness, anger, or joy) even after the original cause of that emotion is gone or has shifted.

Key Aspects of Emotional Inertia:
Resistance to change: Emotions don’t always shift quickly in response to new events.
Emotional “momentum”: Similar to physical inertia, emotional states can build up momentum and persist.
Common in mood disorders: For example, someone with depression may remain sad even when positive things happen.
Linked to self-regulation: People with strong emotional regulation can shift states more easily; those with less regulation may get “stuck.”
Example:
Imagine someone has a bad morning (spills coffee, misses the bus) and stays irritable all day — even after things improve. That lingering irritability is emotional inertia.

Shervan K Shahhian

Cognitive Ease:

Cognitive Ease is the mental state of being relaxed and at ease, which makes thinking feel smooth and effortless. It refers to how easy or difficult it is for our brains to process information. The easier something is to understand or process, the more likely we are to accept it as true or familiar.

Key Characteristics of Cognitive Ease:
Familiarity: We tend to trust information we’ve seen before.

Simplicity: Clear, simple messages are easier to process and more persuasive.

Repetition: The more we see or hear something, the easier it becomes to process — and the more likely we are to believe it.

Good Mood: When we’re in a positive mood, we experience greater cognitive ease and are more likely to rely on intuition.

Cognitive Ease vs. Cognitive Strain:
Cognitive Ease = quick, intuitive thinking (System 1, per Daniel Kahneman).
Cognitive Strain = effortful, analytical thinking (System 2).
Example:
A statement in a bold, easy-to-read font feels more trustworthy than one in a small, blurry font — even if both say the same thing.

Why It Matters:
Cognitive ease can lead to biases and errors in judgment, because we tend to:

Accept easy-to-process information without question,
Avoid effortful thinking even when it’s needed,
Prefer familiar over novel ideas (even if they’re wrong).
Shervan K Shahhian

Online Schooling and Social Isolation:

Online schooling, while offering flexibility and accessibility, can contribute significantly to social isolation, especially among children, teens, and young adults. Here’s a breakdown of how and why this happens, along with some potential solutions:

How Online Schooling Leads to Social Isolation

Lack of Face-to-Face Interaction
Virtual classrooms reduce spontaneous conversations, non-verbal cues, and bonding opportunities that occur naturally in physical settings.

Fewer Extracurricular Activities
Clubs, sports, group projects, and school events are limited or absent, cutting off key sources of friendship and identity.

Passive Learning Environment
Online learning can become one-way, with little peer collaboration or real-time feedback, leaving students feeling disconnected.

Loneliness and Mental Health Risks
Prolonged isolation may increase risks of anxiety, depression, and even social anxiety disorder, especially for developing adolescents.

Digital Divide
Not all students have equal access to technology or stable internet, which can exacerbate feelings of exclusion and helplessness.

Protective Factors and Solutions

Virtual Social Groups
Schools can create online spaces for clubs, game nights, or peer mentoring programs to foster community.

Interactive Classes
Teachers who use breakout rooms, polls, discussion boards, and group assignments can promote more engagement.

Hybrid Learning Models
Combining occasional in-person meetups with online instruction can reduce isolation and support social development.

Parent and Caregiver Involvement
Encouraging family dialogue, peer playdates, or community involvement helps bridge the social gap.

Therapeutic Support
Schools should provide access to counselors or social workers who can support isolated or struggling students.

Psychological Effects to Monitor

• Withdrawal from friends or family
• Changes in sleep or eating patterns
• Drop in motivation or school performance
• Signs of anxiety or depression

Shervan K Shahhian

Practice Metacognition, how:

Practicing metacognition thinking about your thinking involves becoming aware of how you learn, reason, and make decisions.

Here are practical ways to develop and practice metacognitive skills:

1. Use the Metacognitive Cycle
Break it into three phases:

a. Planning
Ask: What do I already know about this?

Set goals: What am I trying to achieve?

Choose strategies: Will outlining, visualizing, or summarizing help me best?

b. Monitoring
Stay aware during the task.

Ask: Am I understanding this?

Should I slow down, re-read, or try a different approach?

c. Evaluating
Reflect afterward: What worked? What didn’t?

What can I do better next time?

2. Keep a Thinking Journal
After any task (studying, problem-solving, conversations), write down:

What your thought process was

What strategies you used

What you could do differently

3. Ask Metacognitive Questions
Regularly reflect with questions like:

How did I come to that conclusion?

Is there another perspective?

Was I influenced by a bias or emotion?

4. Practice Self-Explanation
While learning something new, explain it out loud or in writing:

Why does this work?

How does it connect to what I already know?

5. Challenge Your Assumptions
Engage in debates or play devil’s advocate with yourself.

Try thinking through opposing viewpoints to strengthen your awareness of your own biases and logic.

6. Use Checklists or Rubrics
Use tools to track your own thinking process:

Did I define the problem?

Did I consider multiple solutions?

Did I evaluate the outcome?

7. Discuss with Others
Explaining your thought process or hearing how others think helps you compare and refine your own strategies.

Shervan K Shahhian

Dunning-Kruger Effect, an overview:

The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low ability, knowledge, or expertise in a particular area overestimate their own competence. At the same time, highly skilled individuals may underestimate their relative competence, assuming tasks that are easy for them are also easy for others.

Origin:
Identified by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999.

Their research showed that people who scored in the lowest percentiles on tests of humor, logic, or grammar greatly overestimated their performance.

Key Features:
Lack of Self-Awareness: Incompetent individuals often lack the very skills needed to recognize their incompetence.

Overconfidence: They tend to be more confident than capable.

Underestimation by Experts: Skilled individuals may assume others are equally knowledgeable, leading to modesty or doubt.

Classic Graph (often seen in summaries):
A simple curve that looks like this:

X-axis: Actual knowledge/competence

Y-axis: Confidence

It typically shows:

A sharp peak in confidence early (called “Mount Stupid”) when someone knows very little.

A drop in confidence as people gain more knowledge (“Valley of Despair”).

A gradual increase in confidence as true expertise develops (“Slope of Enlightenment”).

Real-World Examples:
A person who just read a blog post on climate science acting as if they are an expert.

Novice investors giving bold financial advice.

A new employee thinking they understand a company better than senior staff.

How to Overcome It:
Encourage feedback and reflection.

Foster a culture of lifelong learning and humility.

Practice metacognition — thinking about your own thinking.

Shervan K Shahhian

Availability Heuristic:

Availability Heuristic is a mental shortcut (or cognitive bias) in which people judge the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind. The easier it is to recall an instance, the more common or probable we assume it is — even if that assumption is inaccurate.

Examples:

News Media Influence
 After watching news stories about airplane crashes, a person might overestimate the danger of flying — even though statistically, air travel is much safer than driving.

Fear of Shark Attacks
 Because shark attacks are dramatic and widely reported, people often think they’re more common than they actually are.

Personal Experience
 If someone you know recently got sick from food poisoning at a restaurant, you may judge that restaurant (or similar ones) as unsafe, even if it was a rare incident.

Why It Happens:

• Vividness: Emotional or dramatic events are easier to remember.
• Recency: Recently encountered information is easier to recall.
• Media Coverage: The more something is covered, the more we think it happens frequently.

Impact:

• Can skew risk assessment
• Leads to poor decision-making
• Feeds into stereotypes or irrational fears

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding Anchoring Bias:
Anchoring Bias is a cognitive bias where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the “anchor”) when making decisions or judgments.

Example:

If you’re shopping for a watch and the first one you see costs $1,000, all the other watches - even those that cost $500 - might seem like a bargain, even if $500 is still more than you’d usually spend. Your judgment is anchored to that initial $1,000 price.
How It Affects Thinking:

Decision-making: People often base decisions on an arbitrary reference point.
Negotiation: The first number mentioned often sets the tone for the entire discussion.
Estimations: When asked to guess a value (e.g., population, prices), people are influenced by numbers previously presented - even if they are unrelated.

Psychological Insight:

Anchoring happens because we adjust our judgments away from the anchor, but not far enough. The brain uses the anchor as a starting point, then makes small shifts - often insufficient ones.

How to Avoid It:

Delay judgment until you gather more information.
Consider alternative anchors or create your own based on objective data.
Be aware when someone (like a marketer or negotiator) is intentionally setting an anchor to influence your thinking.

Shervan K Shahhian