Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

Doctored Degree in Clinical Psychology (PSYD) (ABD) All But Dissertation, a Masters (M.A.) in Clinical Psychology, a Bachelor's Degree (B.A.) in Psychology, a Associate Degree (AA) in Liberal Arts with an emphases in Psychology, Certification in Anger Management, Certification in MRT-Moral Reconation Therapy®, Certification in Clinical Hypnotherapy, and Certification in Advanced Hypnotherapy.

Is Intellectual Disabilities (I.D.) different than Mental Retardation (M.R.):

Is Intellectual Disabilities (I.D.) different than Mental Retardation (M.R.):

The terminology used to describe cognitive impairments has evolved over time, and there have been changes in how these conditions are labeled. In the past, “mental retardation” was a commonly used term to refer to intellectual disabilities. However, in recent years, there has been a shift towards using more respectful and inclusive language.

Intellectual disabilities are a broad category that encompasses limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. This term is now preferred over “mental retardation” due to the negative connotations associated with the latter.

Intellectual disabilities can manifest in difficulties with reasoning, problem-solving, learning, and adapting to daily life. Adaptive behavior refers to the social and practical skills necessary for everyday functioning.

In summary, intellectual disabilities is the more contemporary and respectful term used to describe limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, while “mental retardation” is an outdated and less preferred term that has been largely replaced in professional and clinical settings.

Shervan K Shahhian

Adult Intellectual Disability, (A.I.D.) a great explanation:

Adult Intellectual Disability, (A.I.D.) a great explanation:

Intellectual disability, also known as intellectual developmental disorder or mental retardation, is a condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. This condition originates before the age of 18 and significantly impacts a person’s everyday social and practical skills.

Here are key components to help explain adult intellectual disability:

Intellectual Functioning:

Intellectual functioning refers to a person’s mental capacity, including their ability to learn, reason, problem-solve, and comprehend information.
Individuals with intellectual disabilities typically have below-average intellectual functioning, often measured by an IQ test. The cutoff for diagnosing intellectual disability is usually an IQ score below 70.

Adaptive Behavior:

Adaptive behavior involves the practical skills necessary for daily life. These skills include communication, self-care, socialization, and independent living.
People with intellectual disabilities may struggle with one or more areas of adaptive behavior, making it challenging for them to cope with the demands of everyday life.

Onset Before 18 Years:

Intellectual disabilities manifest during the developmental period, before the age of 18. This sets it apart from conditions that may emerge later in life.
Early identification and intervention are crucial to providing appropriate support and improving outcomes.

Severity Levels:

Intellectual disabilities can range from mild to severe, and the level of impairment influences an individual’s ability to function independently.
Mild intellectual disabilities may allow individuals to acquire practical skills with support, while severe cases may require ongoing assistance for basic daily activities.

Causes:

Intellectual disabilities can result from a variety of factors, including genetic conditions, prenatal exposure to toxins or infections, complications during birth, and environmental factors.
Some cases have no identifiable cause.

Support and Interventions:

People with intellectual disabilities benefit from individualized support and interventions tailored to their specific needs.
Educational programs, vocational training, behavioral therapies, and community inclusion initiatives can contribute to enhancing their quality of life.

Respect and Inclusion:

It’s important to approach individuals with intellectual disabilities with respect and empathy, recognizing their unique strengths and abilities.
Promoting inclusivity and creating supportive environments helps them lead fulfilling lives and actively participate in their communities.

Understanding and addressing the needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities require a comprehensive and compassionate approach, involving collaboration among educators, healthcare professionals, families, and the broader community.

Shervan K Shahhian

Facts regarding Intellectual Disability (I.D.):

Facts regarding Intellectual Disability (I.D.):

Intellectual disability, also known as intellectual developmental disorder or mental retardation or developmentally delay is a condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Here are some key facts about intellectual disability:

Definition: Intellectual disability is defined by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers everyday social and practical skills. These limitations manifest before the age of 18.

Intellectual Functioning: Individuals with intellectual disabilities have below-average intellectual functioning, typically measured by an IQ (intelligence quotient) below 70–75.

Adaptive Behavior: Adaptive behavior refers to the skills necessary for daily life, including communication, self-care, socialization, and independent living. Difficulties in adaptive behavior can significantly impact an individual’s ability to function in everyday situations.

Severity Levels: Intellectual disability is categorized into different severity levels based on IQ scores. These categories include mild, moderate, severe, and profound. The severity level helps guide interventions and support services.

Causes: Intellectual disabilities can have various causes, including genetic factors (such as Down syndrome or fragile X syndrome), prenatal exposure to toxins or infections, complications during birth, and environmental factors (such as malnutrition or exposure to lead).

Prevalence: The prevalence of intellectual disabilities varies globally. Factors such as socioeconomic conditions, access to healthcare, and awareness play a role in determining prevalence rates. In many cases, intellectual disabilities are more common in lower-income communities.

Early Intervention: Early intervention is crucial for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Identifying and addressing developmental delays and providing appropriate support and therapies during early childhood can significantly improve outcomes.

Lifelong Condition: Intellectual disability is a lifelong condition, but individuals can learn and develop throughout their lives. Support services and interventions can help individuals with intellectual disabilities lead fulfilling lives and maximize their potential.

Inclusion: There is a growing emphasis on inclusion and providing individuals with intellectual disabilities the opportunity to participate in community activities, education, and employment. Inclusive practices aim to reduce stigma and promote equal opportunities.

Legal Protections: Many countries have legal protections and rights for individuals with intellectual disabilities. These rights include access to education, employment opportunities, and protection from discrimination.

It’s essential to approach intellectual disability with empathy and understanding, recognizing the unique strengths and challenges of each individual. Supportive environments, inclusive practices, and appropriate interventions contribute to the well-being and quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Shervan K Shahhian

Intellectual Disabilities (I.D.) and its levels:

Intellectual Disabilities (I.D.) and its levels:

Intellectual disabilities (ID), also known as intellectual developmental disorders or cognitive disabilities, refer to a group of conditions characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. These limitations can affect a person’s ability to learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt to daily life.

Intellectual disabilities are typically classified into different levels based on the severity of the condition. The three main levels are mild, moderate, and severe/profound. Here is a brief overview of each level:

Mild Intellectual Disability:

IQ Range: 50–70
Individuals with mild intellectual disabilities often have slower-than-average intellectual development but can generally learn practical life skills and may be able to live independently with some support.
They may face challenges in academic settings but can benefit from special education and support services.

Moderate Intellectual Disability:

IQ Range: 35–50 to 50–70
Individuals with moderate intellectual disabilities may require more significant support in areas such as communication, self-care, and social skills.
They may benefit from vocational training and supervised work environments. Daily living activities may still be challenging without support.

Severe Intellectual Disability:

IQ Range: 20–35 to 35–50
Individuals with severe intellectual disabilities typically require extensive support in all aspects of daily living, including personal care and communication.
They may have limited communication skills and may benefit from structured environments, specialized education, and ongoing assistance.

Profound Intellectual Disability:

IQ Range: Below 20–25
Individuals with profound intellectual disabilities have significant cognitive impairments and often have multiple physical and sensory disabilities as well.
They require intensive, constant support for all aspects of daily living. Medical and therapeutic interventions are often necessary.

It’s important to note that these classifications are general guidelines, and the specific needs and abilities of individuals with intellectual disabilities can vary widely. Additionally, the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities recognizes the importance of focusing on an individual’s strengths and promoting their independence and quality of life regardless of their level of disability.

Shervan K Shahhian

Adaptive Behavior, what does that mean:

Adaptive behavior, what does that mean:

Adaptive behavior refers to the ability of an individual to meet the demands of their environment effectively. It involves the skills and behaviors necessary for daily functioning and successful interaction with one’s surroundings. Adaptive behavior encompasses a wide range of activities and skills, including communication, self-care, socialization, and problem-solving.

In the context of developmental psychology and assessments, adaptive behavior is often evaluated to determine an individual’s level of independence and their ability to perform age-appropriate tasks. For example, in the field of special education, assessing adaptive behavior is crucial when working with individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities to understand their strengths and challenges.

Adaptive behavior can vary across different cultures, contexts, and age groups, and what is considered adaptive may change over time. The ability to adapt and respond effectively to one’s environment is essential for overall well-being and successful functioning in daily life.

Shervan K Shahhian

Intellectual Disability (I.D.), a great explanation:

Intellectual disability, a great explanation:

Intellectual disability refers to a condition characterized by limitations in cognitive functioning and adaptive behaviors. These limitations manifest during the developmental period and significantly impact an individual’s everyday life. Intellectual disability encompasses a range of abilities and challenges, affecting intellectual functioning, communication skills, social skills, and daily living skills.

Here are key aspects to understand about intellectual disability:

Intellectual Functioning:

Intellectual functioning, often measured by an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test, is below average in individuals with intellectual disabilities. The typical IQ range for intellectual disability is below 70–75.
Intellectual functioning includes skills related to learning, problem-solving, reasoning, and abstract thinking.

Adaptive Behaviors:

Adaptive behaviors involve the practical skills necessary for independent daily living. These skills include communication, self-care, social interaction, and safety.
Deficits in adaptive behaviors can lead to challenges in navigating various aspects of life, such as personal hygiene, job responsibilities, and social relationships.

Developmental Onset:

Intellectual disabilities typically have their onset during the developmental period, often before the age of 18. Challenges in intellectual and adaptive functioning become apparent as individuals grow and encounter various life demands.

Severity Levels:

Intellectual disability exists on a spectrum, with different severity levels ranging from mild to moderate, severe, and profound. The severity is determined by the degree of impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning.

Causes:

Intellectual disabilities can have various causes, including genetic factors, prenatal exposure to toxins or infections, perinatal complications, and postnatal environmental factors. Some cases have no identifiable cause.

Support and Intervention:

Individuals with intellectual disabilities benefit from a range of supportive services and interventions. These may include educational programs, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and behavioral interventions.
Early intervention is crucial for maximizing developmental potential and improving long-term outcomes.

Diverse Abilities and Strengths:

It’s essential to recognize and appreciate the diverse abilities and strengths of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Each person is unique, and with appropriate support, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities.

Person-First Language:

Using person-first language is important in discussing intellectual disabilities. Instead of saying “intellectually disabled person,” it is more respectful to say “person with an intellectual disability.”

Understanding intellectual disability involves acknowledging the individual’s challenges while focusing on their strengths and abilities. Providing a supportive and inclusive environment helps promote the well-being and quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Shervan K Shahhian

Psycho Education, a great explanation:

Psycho education, a great explanation:

Psychoeducation is an approach that involves providing individuals with information and skills to better understand and manage their mental health and well-being. It combines elements of psychology and education to empower individuals with knowledge about mental health issues, coping strategies, and resources. Here’s a breakdown of key components and the significance of psychoeducation:

Understanding Mental Health:

Psychoeducation begins with providing clear and accurate information about mental health, mental illnesses, and the factors that contribute to psychological well-being.
It helps individuals recognize the spectrum of normal human emotions and behaviors, reducing stigma and promoting a more inclusive understanding of mental health.

Coping Strategies:

Psychoeducation equips individuals with practical coping strategies to manage stress, anxiety, and other emotional challenges.
These strategies may include mindfulness techniques, problem-solving skills, relaxation exercises, and effective communication methods.

Symptom Recognition:

It educates individuals about the signs and symptoms of various mental health conditions. This knowledge is crucial for early intervention and seeking professional help when needed.
Recognizing symptoms helps individuals and their support networks understand that mental health issues are valid and treatable.

Treatment Options:

Psychoeducation provides information about different treatment options available, including therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
Understanding these options helps individuals make informed decisions about their mental health care and encourages them to engage in appropriate interventions.

Self-Management:

It focuses on building self-awareness and self-regulation skills. This includes recognizing personal triggers, understanding emotional responses, and developing strategies for self-management.
Empowering individuals with the ability to actively participate in their mental health care fosters a sense of control and autonomy.

Family and Social Support:

Psychoeducation involves educating family members and support networks about mental health. This helps create a more supportive environment and reduces misunderstandings or stigmatization.
Improved communication within families and social circles enhances the overall well-being of individuals dealing with mental health challenges.

Prevention and Relapse Prevention:

Psychoeducation is valuable in preventive efforts, promoting mental health and well-being before issues escalate.
For those who have experienced mental health challenges, psychoeducation assists in developing relapse prevention plans, reducing the risk of recurring issues.

Lifelong Learning:

Mental health is an ongoing process, and psychoeducation encourages lifelong learning. Individuals can continue to build their mental health literacy, adapting to changing circumstances and challenges.

In summary, psychoeducation is a powerful tool that empowers individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to understand, manage, and improve their mental health. By combining psychological insights with educational principles, it contributes to a more informed and resilient society.

Shervan K Shahhian

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, what is it:

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, what is it:

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease is a peer-reviewed medical journal that focuses on the field of psychiatry and mental health. It covers a wide range of topics related to nervous and mental diseases, including research articles, reviews, case reports, and other relevant content. The journal aims to publish high-quality scientific work that contributes to the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.

Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease has a long history and is considered a reputable source in the field of psychiatry. It provides a platform for researchers, clinicians, and other professionals to share their findings and advancements in the study of nervous and mental diseases. The journal plays a crucial role in disseminating knowledge and promoting dialogue within the mental health community.

Shervan K Shahhian

Confabulation in Mental Health, what does that mean:

Confabulation in Mental Health, what does that mean:

Confabulation in mental health refers to a memory disturbance where an individual unintentionally fabricates or provides inaccurate information to fill in gaps in their memory. This phenomenon is not an intentional lie or deception; instead, it involves the creation of false or distorted memories without the person being aware that the information is incorrect.

Confabulation can occur in various mental health conditions, including certain types of dementia, amnesia, brain injuries, and psychiatric disorders. It often involves the person genuinely believing in the accuracy of the information they are providing, even though it may be inconsistent with reality.

The causes of confabulation can be diverse, including damage to the brain’s frontal lobes, which play a role in memory and executive functions. It can also result from the brain’s attempts to make sense of fragmented or incomplete memories.

It’s essential for healthcare professionals to distinguish between intentional deception and confabulation, as it can provide valuable insights into the underlying neurological or psychological issues that may be contributing to the phenomenon. Understanding confabulation can be crucial for developing appropriate care and support strategies for individuals experiencing this memory disturbance.

Shervan K Shahhian

Cultivating Psychokinesis, is that possible:

Cultivating Psychokinesis, is that possible:

There are millions of people who have witnessed Psychokinesis, but unfourtntly there are fraudsters out there.

Cultivating Psychokinesis is possible for some, but not all are able to cultivate Psychokinesis or PK.

Psychokinesis, often referred to as the ability to move or manipulate objects with the mind, is a concept that has been explored in various cultures and fictional works. However, from a skeptic scientific standpoint, do not accept anything paranormal, which can include God and religion.

The skeptic scientific community generally considers claims of psychokinesis to be pseudoscientific. Most studies claiming to demonstrate psychokinetic abilities have been criticized by skeptics.

Some individuals may believe in the possibility of psychokinesis. Scientific understanding of the human mind and its capabilities is continually advancing, but as of now, psychokinesis remains outside the realm of skeptic scientific phenomena. If someone is interested in developing mental abilities or enhancing cognitive functions, it is recommended to focus on well-established practices such as meditation, mindfulness, and cognitive training, which have demonstrated benefits for mental well-being.

Shervan K Shahhian