trauma – LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Synergetic Play Therapy (SPT) is a relationship based therapeutic approach:

Synergetic Play Therapy (SPT) is a relationship based therapeutic approach that may use play as the primary language for helping children regulate emotions, process experiences, and build resilience. It blends traditional play therapy with neuroscience, attachment theory, and mindfulness.

What makes it “synergetic”?

The term refers to the idea that the therapist and child form a co-regulating system. Change doesn’t come just from the client expressing themselves, it emerges from the interaction between the client and therapist.

Instead of the therapist staying neutral, they actively use their own emotional presence to help the client learn regulation.

Core principles

1. Regulation before resolution
SPT prioritizes helping client their nervous system before trying to “fix” behavior.
A dysregulated client can’t process or integrate experiences effectively.

2. The nervous system is central
SPT draws heavily on concepts from interpersonal neurobiology
Play becomes a way to work directly with arousal, stress responses, and emotional states.

3. Co-regulation, self-regulation
The therapist models calm, grounded presence. Over time, the client internalizes this and develops their own regulation skills.

4. Authentic therapist presence
Unlike strictly non-directive models, the therapist may:

Set limits
Share observations
Stay emotionally engaged rather than neutral

How it looks in practice

A session might include:

Free play (to access the child’s inner world)
Emotional expression through toys, art, or movement
Therapist tracking the client ’s internal state (“Your body looks really tight right now…”)
Gentle boundary-setting when needed

Example:
If a client becomes aggressive in play, the therapist doesn’t just stop the behavior, they help the client notice and regulate the underlying activation.

What it’s used for

SPT is commonly applied with children experiencing:

Anxiety or emotional dysregulation
Trauma or attachment disruptions
Behavioral challenges
ADHD-related impulsivity
Social or relational difficulties

How it differs from classic play therapy

Approach	Therapist role	Focus
Child-Centered Play Therapy	Mostly non-directive	Expression & self-discovery
Synergetic Play Therapy	Actively engaged, regulating partner	Nervous system + relationship

Why it’s effective

SPT aligns with modern neuroscience:

Emotional regulation is learned through relationships
The body (not just cognition) stores and processes experience
Safe relational experiences reshape neural pathways

A grounded perspective

Given your background in psychology and interest in deeper mechanisms:
SPT is not about mystical or external influences, it’s rooted in observable processes like:

autonomic regulation
attachment dynamics
mirror neuron systems

It can feel powerful or even “intuitive,” but its mechanisms are well explained within developmental and clinical science.

Shervan K Shahhian

The NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM) is a contemporary therapeutic approach:

The NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM) is a contemporary therapeutic approach designed to treat developmental trauma, the kind that arises from chronic early-life experiences like neglect, misattunement, or inconsistent caregiving, rather than single shocking events.

Core Idea (in plain terms)

NARM looks at how early relational experiences shape:

your identity
your emotional regulation
your sense of connection to self and others

Instead of asking “What happened to you?” it also asks:

“How did you adapt to survive, and how are those adaptations affecting you now?”

The 5 Developmental Survival Styles

NARM proposes that people develop patterns to cope with unmet needs in childhood:

Connection: Difficulty feeling belonging or connection
Attunement: Disconnection from one’s own needs
Trust: Issues with reliance and safety in relationships
Autonomy: Trouble asserting oneself or setting boundaries
Love/Sexuality: Conflicts around intimacy and self-worth

These aren’t “pathologies”, they’re intelligent adaptations that once helped you survive.

How NARM Works in Therapy

Unlike traditional trauma models that focus heavily on past events, NARM emphasizes:

1. Present Moment Awareness

Focus on what is happening right now in your body and emotions
Tracks patterns as they arise in real time

2. Identity Level Healing

Works with core beliefs like:
- “I’m not enough”
- “I don’t matter”
These are seen as adaptations, not truths

3. Relational Healing

The therapist-client relationship becomes a corrective emotional experience
Emphasis on authenticity and mutual presence

4. Bottom Up, Top Down Integration

Combines body awareness (bottom-up) with cognitive insight (top-down)

What Makes NARM Different

Compared to something like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or classic Psychoanalysis:

It doesn’t pathologize symptoms
It avoids over-identifying with trauma narratives
It focuses on agency, not just wounds
It works directly with shame and identity, not just behavior

Example

Someone who grew up feeling unseen might:

Adapt by becoming hyper independent
Develop a belief: “I don’t need anyone”

NARM would gently explore:

The cost of that adaptation today
The longing underneath it
The possibility of reconnecting safely

Why It’s Gaining Attention

NARM aligns with modern understandings of:

Attachment Theory
Neuroscience
The role of implicit memory and regulation

It’s especially useful for:

Chronic relationship patterns
Identity issues
Complex trauma (often called C-PTSD)

A grounded note

NARM is a legitimate, clinically used model, but like all therapies:

It’s not a universal solution
Effectiveness depends on the therapist and the client fit
Shervan K Shahhian

The Fawn Response, what is it:

The fawn response could be a psychological coping strategy that emerges in response to stress, fear, or trauma, especially interpersonal trauma.

It maybe considered a fourth trauma response, alongside:

fight
flight
freeze
fawn

What is the Fawn Response?

The fawn response may involve appeasing, pleasing, or accommodating others in order to avoid conflict, rejection, or harm.

Instead of fighting back or escaping, the person might:

“moves toward” the threat by becoming agreeable, compliant, or overly helpful.

Core Features

People using the fawn response may often:

Prioritize others’ needs over their own
Struggle to say “no”
Seek approval or validation excessively
Avoid conflict at all costs
Feel responsible for others’ emotions
Adapt their personality to please others

Why It Develops

The fawn response maybe linked to chronic relational trauma, such as:

Childhood emotional neglect
Living with unpredictable or volatile caregivers
Abuse where resistance made things worse

In these environments, the nervous system may learn:

“If I keep others happy, I stay safe.”

Psychological Mechanism

From a possible clinical perspective, the fawn response may involve:

Hyper-attunement to others’ emotional states
Self-abandonment (disconnecting from one’s own needs)
A survival-based form of attachment regulation

It may overlap with concepts like:

codependency
people-pleasing
trauma bonding

Example

Someone with a strong fawn response might:

Agree with a partner even when they feel uncomfortable
Apologize excessively, even when not at fault
Stay in unhealthy relationships to avoid abandonment
Feel anxious when someone is upset, even if it’s not about them

Long-Term Effects

If it becomes a habitual pattern, it might lead to:

Loss of identity or unclear sense of self
Resentment and emotional exhaustion
Anxiety and depression
Difficulty forming authentic relationships

Healing & Integration

Recovery may focus on reclaiming the self while maintaining connection:

Learning boundaries (“no” without guilt)
Reconnecting with personal needs and emotions
Tolerating conflict and discomfort safely
Developing secure attachment patterns
Trauma-informed therapy (somatic or relational approaches)

A Deeper Frame

From a possible existential or parapsychological lens, the fawn response can be seen as:

A distortion of relational sensitivity, where intuitive attunement becomes survival-driven compliance
A misalignment between authentic self-expression and external energetic regulation

In other words:

A natural capacity for empathy becomes hijacked by fear.

Shervan K Shahhian

War and PTSD, the connection:

The connection between war and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can run very deep, well-documented, and central to modern psychology and related fields.

1. Why war is a powerful trigger for PTSD

War exposes individuals to extreme, repeated trauma, which is the primary cause of PTSD. These include:

Life-threatening combat situations
Witnessing death or severe injury
Killing or believing one has killed others
Moral conflicts (harming civilians)
Constant hypervigilance and unpredictability

This might align with the core mechanism of PTSD: overwhelming stress that exceeds the mind’s ability to process and integrate the experience.

2. Historical recognition

The link between war and PTSD has been observed for centuries, though labeled differently:

“Soldier’s heart” (American Civil War)
“Shell shock” during World War I
“Combat fatigue” in World War II

The formal diagnosis of PTSD emerged after former Wars, when many veterans showed persistent psychological distress.

3. Core symptoms in war veterans

PTSD in combat veterans typically includes:

Intrusion

Flashbacks (reliving combat)
Nightmares

Avoidance

Avoiding reminders (people, places, conversations)

Negative mood & cognition

Guilt, shame, emotional numbness
“Moral injury” (conflict with one’s values)

Hyperarousal

Constant alertness (as if still in combat)
Irritability, sleep disturbance

4. The neurobiology of war-related PTSD

Consult with a Psychiatrist

War trauma alters mind systems involved in fear and memory:

Amygdala: overactive (heightened fear response)
Hippocampus: impaired (fragmented memory processing)
Prefrontal cortex: reduced regulation of fear

This leads to a mind that is essentially “stuck in survival mode.”

5. Why war PTSD may be especially severe

Compared to civilian traumas, war often involves:

Chronic exposure: (not a single event, but repeated trauma)
Moral injury: (violating deeply held beliefs)
Unit bonding loss: (loss of comrades: grief and identity disruption)
Reintegration difficulty: (civilian life feels unreal or unsafe)

6. Prevalence

Rates might vary by conflict, but:

Combat veterans might develop PTSD
Higher rates in high-intensity combat zones
Many might experience subclinical trauma symptoms

7. Clinical vs. meaning-based interpretations

It’s worth noting two interpretive layers:

Clinical model

PTSD: trauma-related disorder with biological and psychological mechanisms
Focus: treatment (CBT, EMDR) (medication: Consult with a Psychiatrist)

Existential / parapsychological perspectives

War trauma may trigger:
- Altered states of consciousness
- Dissociation or anomalous experiences
- Heightened sensitivity to meaning, death, and survival

Some researchers might even explore overlaps between trauma and psi-related experiences, though this remains controversial.

8. Treatment and recovery

Possible evidence-based treatments include:

Trauma-focused CBT
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)
Exposure therapy
Group therapy (especially veteran groups)

Recovery maybe possible, but often involves reintegrating the traumatic memory into a coherent life narrative.

The Bottom Line

War could be one of the most potent environments for producing PTSD because it combines:

Extreme threat
Repetition
Moral complexity
Loss and grief

PTSD, in this context, can be understood as the mind and emotions adapting to survive war, then after struggling to readapt to peace.

Shervan K Shahhian

Stress-Induced Dissociated Behavior, explained:

Stress-Induced Dissociated Behavior might refer to dissociative symptoms or behaviors that emerge when a person is overwhelmed by acute or chronic stress.

The nervous system could shift into a protective survival mode when fight-or-flight isn’t enough.

What Is Dissociation?

Dissociation is a disruption in the normal integration of:

Awareness
Memory
Identity
Emotion
Perception
Body sensation

It could exist on a spectrum, from mild spacing out to more severe fragmentation.

How Stress Triggers Dissociation

When stress becomes overwhelming, especially if it feels inescapable, unpredictable, or threatening — the nervous system may shift from:

Fight-or-flight: sympathetic activation to
Freeze / shutdown: parasympathetic dorsal vagal dominance

This shutdown response could produce dissociative phenomena.

From a trauma framework dissociation could be understood as a survival adaptation when active defense fails.

Common Stress-Induced Dissociative Behaviors

1. Depersonalization

Feeling detached from oneself

“I feel like I’m watching myself.”
Emotional numbness
Robotic functioning

2. Derealization

Feeling detached from surroundings

World feels unreal, foggy, dreamlike
Sensory distortions

3. Dissociative Amnesia

Memory gaps during stressful events
“I don’t remember parts of what happened.”

4. Behavioral Auto-Pilot

Functioning competently but with reduced awareness
Emotional disconnection while performing tasks

5. Identity Shifts Under Stress

Sudden personality changes
Childlike states under overwhelm
Regression patterns

Neurobiological View

Under extreme stress:

Amygdala: hyperactivation, CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST
Prefrontal cortex: reduced regulation, CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST
Hippocampus: memory fragmentation, CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST
Opioid system: emotional numbing, CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST

This creates a protective analgesic state, emotional and sometimes physical.

Acute vs. Chronic Patterns

Acute stress dissociation

During accidents
During conflict
During panic episodes

Chronic stress dissociation

Trauma history
Attachment disruptions
Prolonged relational threat
Complex trauma patterns

Chronic forms may evolve into clinical conditions such as:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Why the System Does This

Dissociation is adaptive when:

The threat cannot be escaped
The person cannot fight
Emotional pain is overwhelming

It might reduce subjective suffering, but long term it impairs integration and embodied presence.

Clinical Markers to Watch For

Flat affect during intense material
Sudden cognitive fog
Rapid shifts in eye focus
Voice tone change
Time distortion reports
Memory inconsistencies

Treatment Considerations

Nervous system regulation (bottom-up) CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST
Somatic grounding
Trauma processing (carefully titrated)
Attachment repair
Strengthening executive functioning before deep trauma work

Premature trauma exposure without stabilization might increases dissociation.

Shervan K Shahhian

Understanding Medical Trauma:

“CONSULT WITH A PSYCHIATRIST”

Medical trauma is a psychological or emotional injury that might occur as a result of medical events, treatments, or interactions with healthcare systems. It happens when a medical experience is perceived by the person as threatening, overwhelming, painful, or out of their control.

It can possibly be closely related to trauma responses seen in conditions like Post‑Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Key Idea

Medical trauma may not only be about the illness or injury itself, it can also come from:

Fear of death or severe disability
Painful procedures
Loss of control or bodily autonomy
Feeling ignored, invalidated, or mistreated by medical staff
Prolonged hospitalization or intensive care

Some of the Common Possible Causes of Medical Trauma

Severe medical emergencies
- heart attack
- stroke
- major accidents
Invasive procedures
- surgeries
- intubation
- emergency interventions
Medical experiences
- repeated hospitalizations
- painful treatments
Birth complications
- traumatic labor
- emergency C-section
Chronic illness treatment
- long-term painful treatments like chemotherapy
Possible medical system experiences
- misdiagnosis
- medical neglect
- feeling powerless during treatment

Possible Psychological Symptoms

Some people with medical trauma may develop symptoms similar to PTSD:

Intrusive memories of hospital events
Nightmares about medical procedures
Avoidance of doctors and/or hospitals
Panic during medical appointments
Hypervigilance about bodily sensations
Dissociation during examinations

Possible Behavioral Signs

Examples include:

Avoiding necessary medical care
Anxiety before checkups
Refusing procedures
Extreme fear of needles or hospitals

Medical Trauma in Some

Some are especially vulnerable because they often:

don’t understand what is happening
cannot control procedures
may feel physically restrained during treatment

This possibly, can later lead to lifelong medical anxiety.

Related Psychological Fields

Medical trauma could be studied in areas like:

Health Psychology
Medical Psychology
Trauma Psychology
Behavioral Medicine

Treatment Approaches

Possible, Common treatments include:

Trauma-informed therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Somatic therapies
Gradual exposure to medical settings
Psychoeducation

Clinical Perspective

Some psychologists might, now emphasize “trauma-informed care”, meaning healthcare providers are trained to understand that medical procedures themselves can become traumatic experiences for patients.

Possibly, some patients report near-death experiences, altered states, or anomalous perceptions during severe medical events. These experiences can interact with trauma processing in complex ways.

“CONSULT WITH A PSYCHIATRIST”

Shervan K Shahhian

Stress-Induced Dissociated Behavior, an explanation:

Stress-Induced Dissociated Behavior refers to dissociative symptoms or behaviors that emerge when a person is overwhelmed by acute or chronic stress.

What Is Dissociation?

Dissociation is a disruption in the normal integration of:

Awareness
Memory
Identity
Emotion
Perception
Body sensation

It exists on a spectrum, from mild spacing out to more severe fragmentation.

How Stress Triggers Dissociation

When stress becomes overwhelming, especially if it feels inescapable, unpredictable, or threatening, the nervous system may shift from:

“PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST“

Fight-or-flight: sympathetic activation
to
Freeze / shutdown: parasympathetic dorsal vagal dominance

This shutdown response can produce dissociative phenomena.

From a trauma framework, dissociation is understood as a survival adaptation when active defense fails.

Common Stress-Induced Dissociative Behaviors

1. Depersonalization

Feeling detached from oneself

“I feel like I’m watching myself.”
Emotional numbness
Robotic functioning

2. Derealization

Feeling detached from surroundings

World feels unreal, foggy, dreamlike
Sensory distortions

3. Dissociative Amnesia

Memory gaps during stressful events
“I don’t remember parts of what happened.”

4. Behavioral Auto-Pilot

Functioning competently but with reduced awareness
Emotional disconnection while performing tasks

5. Identity Shifts Under Stress

Sudden personality changes
Childlike states under overwhelm
Regression patterns

Neurobiological View

“PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST“

Under extreme stress:

Amygdala: hyperactivation
Prefrontal cortex: reduced regulation
Hippocampus: memory fragmentation
Opioid system: emotional numbing

This creates a protective analgesic state, emotional and sometimes physical. “PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST“

Acute vs. Chronic Patterns

Acute stress dissociation

During accidents
During conflict
During panic episodes

Chronic stress dissociation

Trauma history
Attachment disruptions
Prolonged relational threat
Complex trauma patterns

Chronic forms may evolve into clinical conditions such as:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Why the System Does This

Dissociation is adaptive when:

The threat cannot be escaped
The person cannot fight
Emotional pain is overwhelming

It reduces subjective suffering, but long term it impairs integration and embodied presence.

Clinical Markers to Watch For

Flat affect during intense material
Sudden cognitive fog
Rapid shifts in eye focus
Voice tone change
Time distortion reports
Memory inconsistencies

Treatment Considerations

Nervous system regulation (bottom-up)
Somatic grounding
Trauma processing (carefully titrated)
Attachment repair
Strengthening executive functioning before deep trauma work

Premature trauma exposure without stabilization often increases dissociation.

Shervan K Shahhian

White Line Fever, what is it:

White Line Fever, more formally known as highway hypnosis, is a psychological driving phenomenon in which a person drives a vehicle for long distances and enters a trance-like mental state. During this state, the driver may continue driving safely but has little or no conscious memory of the last few miles traveled.

Key Characteristics

Automatic Driving
- The driver operates the car automatically (steering, braking, staying in lane).
- Actions occur with minimal conscious awareness.
Reduced Awareness
- The driver may not remember passing exits, road signs, or landmarks.
Trance-Like State
- Similar to mild dissociation or automatic behavior.
- The brain shifts from active attention to a more automatic processing mode.
Monotonous Stimulus
- Long straight roads, repetitive scenery, and the rhythmic passing of white lane lines can induce the effect.

Why It Happens (Psychological Mechanism)

Highway hypnosis occurs because of:

Monotony and sensory repetition
Fatigue or reduced alertness
Overlearned behavior (driving becomes automatic)
Low cognitive stimulation

The brain moves control from conscious attention to procedural memory systems in the basal ganglia, allowing driving skills to run on “autopilot.”

Is It Dangerous?

It can be potentially dangerous because:

Reaction time may slow.
Situational awareness decreases.
The driver may fail to notice sudden hazards.

However, it is not exactly sleep. The driver is still awake but operating with reduced conscious monitoring.

Relationship to Psychological States

Highway hypnosis is often compared to:

Dissociation
Automatic behavior
Mind wandering
Absorptive trance states

Common Signs

Missing an exit without realizing it
Not remembering the last several minutes of driving
Staring blankly at the road
Feeling like you suddenly “wake up” while driving

Prevention

Take frequent breaks (every 2 hours)
Engage in conversation or listen to stimulating audio
Avoid driving when fatigued
Change posture or adjust ventilation

In psychology, highway hypnosis is considered a form of temporary dissociative attention state, not a pathological disorder.

Shervan K Shahhian

Highway Hypnosis, what is it:

Highway hypnosis (also called “white line fever”) is a state of automatic driving in which a person operates a vehicle for a long stretch, often on a highway, and later realizes they don’t clearly remember part of the trip.

It’s not literal hypnosis. It’s a form of dissociation and automatic processing.

What Happens Neurologically?

“PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST“

When driving becomes highly familiar and repetitive:

The brain shifts control from conscious, effortful attention (prefrontal cortex) “PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST”
To more automatic procedural systems “PLEASE CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST“

This is similar to how we:

Type without looking at the keyboard
Walk without thinking about each step

Your brain is functioning, just on “autopilot.”

Common Signs

Missing exits or road signs
Not remembering the last several miles
Feeling “zoned out”
Arriving at your destination with little recall of the drive
Mild time distortion

Importantly:
You are still reacting to traffic cues, just with reduced conscious awareness.

Is It Dangerous?

Maybe.

While reaction time may still be intact, situational awareness decreases, especially if combined with:

Fatigue
Sleep deprivation
Monotonous scenery
Long, straight highways
Emotional preoccupation
Chronic stress

Highway hypnosis differs from microsleep, which is brief actual sleep and far more dangerous.

Psychological Perspective

From a clinical lens, highway hypnosis resembles:

Mild dissociation
Attentional narrowing
Default Mode Network dominance
Habit-loop automation

It’s essentially low-arousal cognitive drift.

In people prone to dissociation, trauma, or chronic hyperarousal, it may occur more easily.

How to Prevent It

Get adequate sleep
Change sensory input (music, podcast, open window)
Move your body (shift posture)
Take breaks every 1–2 hours
Hydrate
Engage in mild cognitive activation (e.g., narrate surroundings)

Deeper Angle

There’s an interesting overlap with:

Trance states
Meditation
Flow states
Dissociative coping mechanisms

The key difference:
Highway hypnosis is passive and low-awareness, whereas flow is active and high-awareness.

Shervan K Shahhian

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH), an explanation:

“PLEASE CONSULT a NEUROLOGIST, and/or a PSYCHIATRIST“

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) are experiences of hearing voices or speech without an external sound source. The voices are perceived as real and distinct from one’s own internal thoughts.

They might be more common than many people assume and occur across multiple clinical and non-clinical populations.

What They Typically Involve

AVH can vary widely in form:

A single voice or multiple voices
Male, female, familiar, or unfamiliar voices
Speaking in second person (“You are worthless”)
Third person commentary (“He is failing”)
Command voices (“Do this”)
Conversational voices arguing or discussing the person

The key distinction is that the voice is experienced as external or not self-generated, even though no one is speaking.

Conditions Commonly Associated With AVH

AVH are most classically linked to:

Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective disorder
Bipolar disorder (with psychotic features)
Major depressive disorder (with psychotic features)

However, they are also found in:

Trauma-related disorders (especially complex trauma)
Dissociative disorders
Severe stress or sleep deprivation
Neurological conditions, CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST, PLEASE
Substance use or withdrawal

Importantly, some people experience voices without meeting criteria for a psychiatric disorder.

How AVH Differ From Normal Inner Speech

Inner Speech	Auditory Verbal Hallucination
Recognized as your own thoughts	Experienced as not self-generated
Under voluntary control	Often intrusive and uncontrollable
Occurs “inside” your mind	Often perceived as external or spatially located

CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST, PLEASE

Neurocognitively, one leading model suggests AVH may involve misattributed inner speech, where self-generated verbal thought is experienced as coming from outside the self.

Neurobiological Findings

CONSULT A NEUROLOGIST, PLEASE

Research shows involvement of:

Auditory cortex activation (as if real sound is present)
Language production areas
Reduced connectivity between speech production and self-monitoring systems

In other words, the brain may be producing speech internally but failing to label it as self-generated.

Trauma and Dissociation Connection

In trauma populations, voices often:

Reflect internalized abusers
Represent dissociated self-states
Contain shame-based or protective content

From a structural dissociation perspective, some voices may function as parts of the personality, rather than psychotic phenomena per se.

Clinical Questions That Matter

Frequency and duration
Emotional tone (hostile, neutral, supportive)
Command content (especially harmful commands)
Level of distress
Insight (does the person question the reality of the voice?)
Functional impairment

Distress and loss of control are often more clinically significant than the mere presence of voices.

Treatment Approaches

Depending on etiology:

medication: CONSULT A PSYCHIATRIST
Trauma-focused therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
Voice dialogue approaches
Grounding and self-monitoring training

Increasingly, treatment focuses not on “eliminating” voices, but on changing the person’s relationship to them.

Shervan K Shahhian