Author Archives: Shervan K Shahhian, LIBERTY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, The Most Comprehensive Online Library Regarding Mental Health, Psychology and Parapsychology in the World.

Doctored Degree in Clinical Psychology (PSYD) (ABD) All But Dissertation, a Masters (M.A.) in Clinical Psychology, a Bachelor's Degree (B.A.) in Psychology, a Associate Degree (AA) in Liberal Arts with an emphases in Psychology, Certification in Anger Management, Certification in MRT-Moral Reconation Therapy®, Certification in Clinical Hypnotherapy, and Certification in Advanced Hypnotherapy.

Neighborhood violence can show high levels of amygdala reactivity, why:

Neighborhood violence can show high levels of amygdala reactivity, why:

The amygdala is a part of the brain that is involved in the processing of emotions, particularly fear and threat-related stimuli. Research in neuroscience suggests that exposure to violence, whether directly experienced or witnessed, can lead to alterations in amygdala reactivity.

In the context of neighborhood violence, individuals who live in areas with high levels of violence may experience chronic stress and a heightened sense of threat. This prolonged exposure to a threatening environment can potentially lead to increased amygdala reactivity. The amygdala’s role in processing fear and threat may become more sensitive or responsive in individuals exposed to such conditions.

However, it’s important to note that individual responses to violence and stress can vary, and not everyone exposed to neighborhood violence will necessarily exhibit the same patterns of amygdala reactivity. Additionally, various factors such as genetics, early life experiences, and coping mechanisms can also influence how an individual’s brain responds to stressful or threatening situations.

Research on the relationship between neighborhood violence and amygdala reactivity is ongoing, and findings may continue to evolve as scientists gain a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between the brain and environmental factors.

Shervan K Shahhian

How to get ready for your first Hypnotherapy session:

How to get ready for your first Hypnotherapy session:

Preparing for your first hypnotherapy session can help you make the most out of the experience. Here are some tips to help you get ready:

Research and Choose a Qualified Hypnotherapist:

Look for a certified and experienced hypnotherapist. Check their credentials, reviews, and testimonials.
Consider a therapist who specializes in the area you want to work on, whether it’s stress, anxiety, phobias, or other issues.

Understand the Process:

Educate yourself about what hypnotherapy is and how it works. This can help alleviate any fears or misconceptions you might have.

Set Clear Goals:

Identify the specific issues or goals you want to address during the session. Having a clear understanding of what you want to achieve can enhance the effectiveness of the therapy.

Be Open and Willing:

Approach hypnotherapy with an open mind and a positive attitude. Be willing to participate in the process and trust your therapist.

If You Want, Provide Relevant Information:

If you feel comfortable, Share relevant information about yourself, your history, and the issues you’re facing. Possibly, The more your therapist knows, the better they can tailor the session to your needs. But share what you want. Sharing is up to the client.

Ask Questions:

Don’t hesitate to ask your hypnotherapist any questions you may have about the process, what to expect, or their approach. This can help you feel more comfortable and informed.

Dress Comfortably:

Wear comfortable clothing to the session. Being physically comfortable can contribute to a more relaxed state.

Avoid Stimulants:

Before your session, try to avoid stimulants like caffeine or nicotine, as they can interfere with relaxation.

Arrive Early:

Arriving a bit early can give you time to settle in and discuss any last-minute concerns with your therapist.

Create a Relaxing Environment:

Take some time before the session to relax and clear your mind. Listen to calming music, practice deep breathing, or engage in activities that help you unwind.

Clarify Practical Details:

Confirm details such as the duration of the session, the cost, and any follow-up instructions.

Be Patient

Understand that hypnotherapy may not produce instant results, and multiple sessions may be needed. Be patient with the process and trust your therapist.

Remember that hypnotherapy is a collaborative process, and your active participation and commitment to the process can contribute to its success. If you have any concerns or reservations, it’s important to communicate them with your hypnotherapist.

Shervan K Shahhian

Adult ADHD Testing, what does it consist of:

Adult ADHD Testing, what does it consist of:

Adult ADHD testing typically involves a comprehensive assessment conducted by healthcare professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, or other mental health specialists. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can persist into adulthood. The testing process aims to evaluate various aspects of a person’s cognitive functioning, behavior, and emotional well-being to determine whether they meet the criteria for ADHD.

The assessment process may include:

Clinical Interviews: The clinician will conduct thorough interviews to gather information about the individual’s developmental history, current symptoms, and daily functioning. They may also seek information from family members or close associates.

Self-Report Questionnaires: Individuals may be asked to fill out standardized questionnaires designed to assess ADHD symptoms and their impact on daily life. These questionnaires often include questions about attention span, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

Behavioral Observations: The clinician may observe the individual’s behavior during the assessment, looking for signs of impulsivity, hyperactivity, or inattention.

Cognitive Testing: Some assessments include neuropsychological tests to evaluate specific cognitive functions, such as attention, executive function, and working memory.

Mood and Emotional Assessment: Since ADHD can co-occur with other mental health conditions, the assessment may include an evaluation of mood disorders, anxiety, and other emotional factors.

Medical Evaluation: Rule out other potential causes for the symptoms. Sometimes medical conditions or substance use can mimic ADHD symptoms, so a thorough medical evaluation may be conducted.

It’s important to note that the diagnosis of ADHD is based on a thorough evaluation of symptoms, their duration, and their impact on daily functioning. The process aims to differentiate ADHD from other conditions with similar symptoms and to understand the individual’s unique strengths and challenges. If diagnosed, a treatment plan, which may include behavioral interventions, psychoeducation, and medication, could be recommended based on the severity of symptoms and individual needs.

Shervan K Shahhian

Test interpretations for Adult ADHD evaluations, a great explanation:

Test interpretations for Adult ADHD evaluations, a great explanation:

Interpreting test results for Adult ADHD evaluations involves analyzing various assessment tools and considering multiple factors. It’s essential to approach the interpretation with a comprehensive understanding of ADHD symptoms and their impact on daily functioning. Below are key points to consider when interpreting test results for Adult ADHD evaluations:

Clinical Interview:

Start with a thorough clinical interview to gather information about the individual’s developmental history, current symptoms, and functional impairments.
Consider information about childhood behaviors, academic and occupational performance, relationships, and daily challenges.

ADHD Rating Scales:

Utilize standardized ADHD rating scales completed by the individual and collateral informants (e.g., family members, colleagues) to assess the presence and severity of ADHD symptoms.

Look for consistency in reported symptoms across different domains of life.

Executive Functioning Tests:

Assess executive functions, which are commonly impaired in ADHD, using tasks that measure working memory, attention, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition.
Consider performance on tasks that mimic real-life situations to gauge the impact on daily functioning.

Continuous Performance Tests (CPT):

Analyze results from CPTs, which measure sustained attention and impulsivity. Look for patterns of attention lapses, variability in reaction times, and commission errors.
Compare performance to normative data, considering age and gender differences.

Behavioral Observations:

Consider behavioral observations in naturalistic settings to evaluate the individual’s ability to sustain attention, manage impulsivity, and organize tasks.
Observe for ADHD-related behaviors such as fidgeting, restlessness, and difficulty staying on task.

Neuropsychological Assessment:

Conduct a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment to explore cognitive strengths and weaknesses.
Identify any comorbid conditions or alternative explanations for observed difficulties.

Rule Out Other Conditions:

Rule out other mental health disorders or medical conditions that may mimic ADHD symptoms.
Consider the possibility of comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities.

Functional Impairment:

Assess the impact of ADHD symptoms on daily functioning in various life domains, including work, education, relationships, and self-care.
Consider the persistence and pervasiveness of impairments over time.

Clinical Impression:

Integrate information from multiple sources to form a comprehensive clinical impression.
Consider the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD and whether the individual meets the required number of symptoms and impairment levels.

Feedback and Recommendations:

Provide clear and constructive feedback to the individual based on the assessment results.
Offer recommendations for treatment options, accommodations, and strategies to manage ADHD-related challenges.

Remember that ADHD is a clinical diagnosis, and a comprehensive evaluation considering various assessment tools and information sources is crucial for accurate interpretation. Additionally, collaboration with other healthcare professionals, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and educators, can enhance the overall understanding of the individual’s needs.

Shervan K Shahhian

Assessments for Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder, a good explanation:

Assessments for Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder, a good explanation:

Assessments for Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) typically involve a comprehensive evaluation conducted by trained professionals, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, or neurologists. The assessment aims to gather information about an individual’s behavior, communication skills, social interactions, and sensory processing to determine whether they meet the criteria for ASD.

Here are common components of assessments for Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder:

Clinical Interviews: The professional will conduct interviews with the individual and, if possible, with family members or close associates to gather information about the person’s developmental history, current functioning, and any concerns related to autism symptoms.

Behavioral Observation: Direct observation of the individual’s behavior in different settings, such as home, work, or social environments, helps assess social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Standardized Questionnaires and Rating Scales: Psychologists may use standardized tools to collect quantitative data about the individual’s behavior. These tools often include self-report questionnaires and reports from family members or caregivers.

Cognitive and Intellectual Assessments: Assessments of cognitive functioning, including IQ tests, may be conducted to understand the individual’s intellectual abilities.

Communication and Language Assessments: Professionals may evaluate language skills and communication abilities to identify any difficulties or unique patterns associated with ASD.

Sensory Processing Assessments: Some assessments may explore sensory sensitivities or aversions as sensory processing challenges are common in individuals with ASD.

Adaptive Functioning Assessments: These assessments examine the individual’s ability to carry out daily tasks and function independently in various aspects of life.

Medical Evaluation: A medical examination may be conducted to rule out any underlying medical conditions that could contribute to the observed behaviors.

Collaboration with Other Professionals: Depending on the individual’s needs, collaboration with other specialists such as speech therapists, occupational therapists, or neurologists may be involved.

It’s important to note that ASD is a spectrum, and individuals may present with a wide range of symptoms and strengths. Assessments are tailored to the individual’s unique characteristics and challenges. A thorough evaluation helps in providing an accurate diagnosis and informs the development of appropriate support and intervention strategies. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have ASD, it is recommended to seek consultation with a qualified healthcare professional for a comprehensive assessment.

Shervan K Shahhian

Mental Health is an essential component of well-being, why is that:

Mental Health is an essential component of well-being, why is that:

Mental health is crucial for overall well-being because it significantly influences how individuals think, feel, and behave in various aspects of life. Here are several reasons why mental health is considered an essential component of well-being:

Emotional Well-Being: Mental health plays a vital role in managing emotions. A positive mental state allows individuals to experience and handle a wide range of emotions in a healthy way, fostering emotional resilience and balance.

Cognitive Functioning: Mental health is closely tied to cognitive functions such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Good mental health enables individuals to think clearly, make sound judgments, and navigate the challenges of daily life effectively.

Interpersonal Relationships: Healthy mental well-being contributes to positive relationships with others. It helps individuals build and maintain meaningful connections, communicate effectively, and navigate conflicts in a constructive manner.

Physical Health: There is a strong connection between mental and physical health. Mental health issues can impact physical health and vice versa. For example, chronic stress or depression may contribute to physical health problems, while regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle can positively influence mental well-being.

Productivity and Functioning: A sound mental state enhances one’s ability to work, learn, and engage in daily activities. It contributes to increased productivity, creativity, and adaptability, all of which are essential for success in various areas of life.

Resilience to Stress: Good mental health provides individuals with the resilience needed to cope with life’s challenges and stressors. It allows for the development of effective coping mechanisms, preventing the negative impact of stress on overall well-being.

Quality of Life: Mental health significantly contributes to an individual’s overall quality of life. A positive mental state enhances life satisfaction, happiness, and a sense of purpose and fulfillment.

Prevention of Mental Disorders: Prioritizing mental health can help prevent the development of mental disorders or catch them early, enabling timely intervention and treatment.

Community and Societal Impact: Mental health is not only an individual concern but also has broader implications for communities and societies. Societal well-being is influenced by the collective mental health of its members.

Human Rights Perspective: Recognizing and promoting mental health is a fundamental aspect of respecting and protecting individuals’ human rights. Everyone deserves the right to live free from discrimination and stigma associated with mental health conditions.

In summary, mental health is an essential component of well-being because it affects various aspects of an individual’s life, from emotional and cognitive functioning to relationships, physical health, and societal impact. Prioritizing mental health contributes to a more fulfilling and balanced life.

Shervan K Shahhian

Behavioral and Social Sciences, what are they:

Behavioral and Social Sciences, what are they:

Behavioral and Social Sciences are branches of science that study and analyze human behavior, interactions, and societal structures. These disciplines aim to understand and explain various aspects of human life, ranging from individual behavior to group dynamics and societal patterns. Here’s a brief overview of each:

Behavioral Sciences:

Definition: Behavioral sciences focus on the study of individual and collective behavior, exploring how humans and animals act and react to various stimuli in different situations.
Key Disciplines: Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and Economics are often considered part of the behavioral sciences.
Objectives: Understand and explain the underlying factors influencing human behavior, cognition, emotions, and decision-making.

Social Sciences:

Definition: Social sciences investigate the structure and functioning of societies, exploring the relationships and interactions between individuals and groups in different cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Key Disciplines: Sociology, Political Science, Economics, Anthropology, Geography, and History are major social science fields.
Objectives: Analyze social structures, institutions, and processes to gain insights into societal patterns, changes, and challenges.

While there is some overlap between the two, behavioral sciences often focus more on individual behavior and psychological processes, while social sciences encompass a broader scope, examining the dynamics and structures of societies. Researchers in both areas employ a variety of methodologies, including qualitative and quantitative research, to gain a deeper understanding of human behavior and societal phenomena.

Shervan K Shahhian

Habit Disorders, what are they:

Habit Disorders, what are they:

“Habit disorders” is not a recognized or widely used term in the field of psychology or psychiatry. However, there are conditions related to habits and repetitive behaviors that are recognized and studied. Two common conditions in this regard are:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): OCD is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions). Individuals with OCD often feel compelled to perform these rituals in response to the obsessive thoughts, even if they understand that the actions are excessive or irrational.

Trichotillomania and Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder: These are examples of body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs). Trichotillomania involves compulsive hair-pulling, while excoriation disorder involves recurrent skin picking. Individuals with these disorders often have difficulty controlling these behaviors, which can lead to physical and emotional distress.

It’s important to note that these conditions are recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is a widely accepted classification system for mental health disorders. If you are experiencing difficulties related to habits or repetitive behaviors, it is advisable to consult with a mental health professional for a proper assessment and guidance.

Shervan K Shahhian

What to do when one is feeling Lonely:

What to do when one is feeling Lonely:

Feeling lonely is a common human experience, and there are several strategies you can try to alleviate that loneliness. Here are some suggestions:

Connect with Others:

Reach out to friends or family members. Arrange a call or meet up for coffee.
Join clubs, groups, or social activities where you can meet new people who share your interests.

Engage in Hobbies:

Pursue activities you enjoy. This can help you meet like-minded individuals and provide a sense of fulfillment.
Consider taking up a new hobby or revisiting an old one.

Volunteer:

Volunteering is a great way to connect with others while contributing to your community.
It can also give you a sense of purpose and fulfillment.

Use Technology:

Connect with friends through social media, video calls, or messaging apps.
Join online communities or forums related to your interests.

Practice Self-Compassion:

Be kind to yourself and understand that loneliness is a temporary feeling.
Engage in activities that promote self-care, such as reading, exercising, or taking a relaxing bath.

Seek Professional Help:

If loneliness persists and negatively impacts your well-being, consider talking to a mental health professional.
Therapists or counselors can provide support and strategies to manage loneliness.

Attend Events:

Attend local events, workshops, or classes where you can meet new people.
Participate in community gatherings to build connections.

Pet Companionship:

Consider adopting a pet if your living situation allows. Pets can provide companionship and emotional support.

Mindfulness and Meditation:

Practice mindfulness or meditation to help manage feelings of loneliness and increase self-awareness.

Set Realistic Expectations:

Understand that building connections takes time. Be patient and open to new experiences.

Remember that it’s okay to feel lonely at times, and taking proactive steps to address it can make a significant difference. If loneliness persists or becomes overwhelming, seeking support from friends, family, or professionals is important.

Shervan K Shahhian

How to Possibly overcome Anxiety and Depression:

I can offer some general suggestions that may help. It’s important to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for personalized advice. Here are some strategies that people find helpful for managing anxiety and depression:

Seek Professional Help:

Consult with a mental health professional, such as a therapist or counselor, who can provide guidance and support.

Medication:

In some cases, medication may be recommended. Consult with a psychiatrist to discuss the potential benefits and risks.

Establish a Support System:

Share your feelings with friends and family, and let them provide support. Don’t hesitate to reach out when you need someone to talk to.

Regular Exercise:

Physical activity can positively impact your mood by releasing endorphins, which are natural mood lifters.

Healthy Lifestyle:

Focus on maintaining a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding excessive alcohol or substance use.

Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques:

Practices such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga can help manage stress and promote relaxation.

Set Realistic Goals:

Break down tasks into smaller, more manageable goals to avoid feeling overwhelmed. Celebrate small achievements.

Challenge Negative Thoughts:

Be aware of negative thought patterns and work on replacing them with more positive and realistic ones.

Establish a Routine:

Creating a daily routine can provide structure and a sense of purpose, which can be beneficial for mental health.

Limit Stressors:

Identify and try to minimize sources of stress in your life. This may involve setting boundaries or re-evaluating priorities.

Engage in Activities You Enjoy:

Doing things you love and that bring you joy can help improve your overall well-being.

Educate Yourself:

Learn more about anxiety and depression to better understand your condition and empower yourself in the recovery process.

Remember, everyone is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to create a personalized plan tailored to your specific needs. If you or someone you know is experiencing severe or persistent symptoms, please seek immediate professional assistance.

Shervan K Shahhian